Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, all 27 EU member states reported importing 42,242 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were the United States (17%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and less than 1% came from other EU member states, with 6% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
United States7.18 Mt (17%)Norway5.38 Mt (13%)Kazakhstan4.16 Mt (10%)Libya2.79 Mt (7%)Nigeria2.66 Mt (6%)Iraq2.60 Mt (6%)Saudi Arabia2.32 Mt (5%)Azerbaijan2.04 Mt (5%)Other origins (29)10.67 Mt (25%)Origin not reported2.43 Mt (6%)Germany7.21 Mt (17%)Italy5.91 Mt (14%)Spain5.09 Mt (12%)Netherlands4.49 Mt (11%)France4.35 Mt (10%)Other EU (15)15.18 Mt (36%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Colour = importing country:
- Germany
- Italy
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- Other EU (15)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other origins (29) | Other EU (15) | 3,612,537 | — | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Other EU (15) | 2,984,934 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (29) | Spain | 2,665,337 | 52.3% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Germany | 2,042,687 | 28.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Other EU (15) | 1,781,580 | — | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,546,568 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Other EU (15) | 1,500,552 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,333,103 | 29.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (29) | France | 1,292,000 | 29.7% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Other EU (15) | 1,129,560 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (29) | Germany | 1,121,526 | 15.6% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,116,695 | 18.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Other EU (15) | 1,105,970 | — | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Spain | 1,061,721 | 20.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (29) | Netherlands | 992,632 | 22.1% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (29) | Italy | 989,854 | 16.7% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | France | 988,000 | 22.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Other EU (15) | 955,707 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Nigeria | Other EU (15) | 882,832 | — | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 816,762 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy | 805,804 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Germany | 750,208 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | France | 746,000 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 702,896 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Other EU (15) | 642,835 | — | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Italy | 629,625 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Other EU (15) | 584,611 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 565,120 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France | 497,000 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 481,725 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 418,414 | 5.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 411,480 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Italy | 402,651 | 6.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 384,208 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 374,548 | 8.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 366,853 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 333,722 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 331,577 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 282,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 278,026 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 275,888 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 268,719 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 259,000 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 257,727 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 247,279 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 186,997 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Italy | 185,266 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | France | 132,000 | 3.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 118,568 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 116,705 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | France | 96,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 94,550 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 62,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 31,338 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceOfficialMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Official
Provenance
OfficialOfficial- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Official
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2023-12, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Month: 2023-12 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.