Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, all 27 EU member states reported importing 39,850 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were the United States (16%), Norway (14%) and Iraq (8%), and less than 1% came from other EU member states, with 4% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Month
United States6.47 Mt (16%)Norway5.49 Mt (14%)Iraq3.32 Mt (8%)Kazakhstan2.88 Mt (7%)Saudi Arabia2.86 Mt (7%)Libya2.39 Mt (6%)United Kingdom2.35 Mt (6%)Nigeria2.24 Mt (6%)Azerbaijan1.90 Mt (5%)Brazil1.74 Mt (4%)Russia1.34 Mt (3%)Angola1.25 Mt (3%)Other origins outside the EU3.91 Mt (10%)Other EU member states163 kt (<1%)Origin not reported1.55 Mt (4%)Italy5.96 Mt (15%)Germany5.83 Mt (15%)Spain5.09 Mt (13%)Netherlands4.36 Mt (11%)France4.16 Mt (10%)Belgium2.41 Mt (6%)Greece2.25 Mt (6%)Poland2.07 Mt (5%)Sweden1.35 Mt (3%)Portugal817 kt (2%)Lithuania797 kt (2%)Czechia706 kt (2%)Bulgaria677 kt (2%)Austria671 kt (2%)Finland629 kt (2%)Hungary508 kt (1%)Romania508 kt (1%)Slovakia448 kt (1%)Denmark313 kt (<1%)Ireland194 kt (<1%)Croatia103 kt (<1%)
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Where the oil was produced
- United States6.47 Mt (16%)
- Norway5.49 Mt (14%)
- Iraq3.32 Mt (8%)
- Kazakhstan2.88 Mt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia2.86 Mt (7%)
- Libya2.39 Mt (6%)
- United Kingdom2.35 Mt (6%)
- Nigeria2.24 Mt (6%)
- Azerbaijan1.90 Mt (5%)
- Brazil1.74 Mt (4%)
- Russia1.34 Mt (3%)
- Angola1.25 Mt (3%)
- Other origins outside the EU3.91 Mt (10%)
- Other EU member states163 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported1.55 Mt (4%)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
Total to EU member states (Sep 2023)
2.39 million tonnes
6% of reported EU crude oil imports
Official
Top destination countries
- Italy829 kt (35%)
- Germany670 kt (28%)
- Spain452 kt (19%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis)
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 1,407,452 | 32.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,307,317 | 21.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Spain | 1,214,650 | 23.9% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United States | Italy | 1,074,038 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Poland | 1,070,000 | 51.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,057,542 | 47.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany | 1,039,100 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Sweden | 964,986 | 71.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain | 891,210 | 17.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands | 849,777 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy | 829,120 | 13.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 810,000 | 39.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain | 805,946 | 15.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Germany | 802,272 | 13.8% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United States | France | 798,000 | 19.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | France | 779,000 | 18.7% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 741,255 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 738,069 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Bulgaria | 676,974 | 100.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Libya | Germany | 670,173 | 11.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Spain | 628,254 | 12.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 618,939 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Portugal | 539,241 | 66.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Italy | 537,780 | 9.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 516,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 515,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium | 512,500 | 21.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Hungary | 508,000 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 507,648 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 505,456 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium | 497,400 | 20.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 478,859 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 452,210 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Italy | 448,494 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 441,700 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 427,105 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Finland | 425,000 | 67.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Czechia | 423,000 | 59.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France | 412,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Slovakia | 404,228 | 90.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | Spain | 399,958 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 395,808 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 369,063 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 362,900 | 15.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | France | 340,000 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 339,244 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 336,447 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany | 335,175 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 306,500 | 38.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Lithuania | 304,900 | 38.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 298,256 | 44.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 274,000 | 53.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | France | 256,000 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 252,000 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Netherlands | 222,880 | 5.1% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 220,961 | 16.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Belgium | 217,800 | 9.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Libya | Austria | 191,545 | 28.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Belgium | 190,400 | 7.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 188,827 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 187,000 | 26.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | Italy | 186,728 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Lithuania | 185,600 | 23.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 184,691 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | Netherlands | 183,589 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Belgium | 181,400 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Denmark | 180,000 | 57.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 176,565 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 162,668 | 3.7% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United States | Ireland | 160,253 | 82.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 160,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Belgium | 157,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Greece | 147,617 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 141,349 | 17.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 139,930 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 138,062 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Greece | 136,464 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal | 136,461 | 16.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Romania | 136,000 | 26.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Origin not reported | Greece | 134,932 | 6.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 134,679 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | France | 132,000 | 3.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Angola | Belgium | 115,800 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Finland | 107,000 | 17.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Romania | 98,000 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 97,000 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Greece | 95,677 | 4.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 95,000 | 30.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Germany | 94,803 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 91,811 | 1.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 90,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland | 90,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 89,037 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 88,700 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Austria | 86,363 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 85,557 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 84,400 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 83,463 | 80.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Greece | 83,434 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 82,500 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 69,823 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 60,000 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Germany | 58,831 | 1.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Norway | Spain | 55,666 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Slovakia | 43,302 | 9.7% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Norway | Denmark | 38,000 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Ireland | 33,715 | 17.4% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 31,862 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Spain | 29,404 | 0.6% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Greece | 28,655 | 1.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United States | Sweden | 27,300 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Czechia | 25,000 | 3.5% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Angola | Germany | 24,322 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 20,000 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Czechia | 11,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 10,044 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Poland | 7,000 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Belgium | 4,900 | 0.2% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceOfficialMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Official
Provenance
OfficialOfficial- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Official
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2023-09, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Month: 2023-09 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.