Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, all 27 EU member states reported importing 40,703 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were the United States (16%), Norway (15%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 1% came from other EU member states, with 4% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
United States6.45 Mt (16%)Norway6.10 Mt (14%)Kazakhstan4.92 Mt (12%)Libya3.81 Mt (10%)Iraq2.62 Mt (7%)Saudi Arabia2.36 Mt (6%)United Kingdom2.05 Mt (5%)Nigeria1.81 Mt (5%)Other origins (24)9.07 Mt (22%)Origin not reported1.51 Mt (4%)Germany6.85 Mt (17%)Spain5.31 Mt (13%)Netherlands5.08 Mt (13%)Italy4.96 Mt (12%)France3.95 Mt (10%)Other EU (16)14.55 Mt (34%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Colour = importing country:
- Germany
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Italy
- France
- Other EU (16)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Total to EU member states (Dec 2025)
3.81 million tonnes
10% of reported EU crude oil imports
Official
Top destination countries
- Italy1.39 Mt (36%)
- Germany1.10 Mt (29%)
- Other EU (16)563 kt (15%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis)
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Other EU (16) | 3,663,622 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 7 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (24) | Other EU (16) | 2,984,135 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (24) | Spain | 2,251,631 | 42.4% | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Other EU (16) | 1,860,954 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other EU (16) | 1,820,818 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (24) | Italy | 1,439,427 | 29.0% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Other EU (16) | 1,427,499 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 7 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,426,098 | 28.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy | 1,389,506 | 28.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,259,739 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins (24) | France | 1,221,000 | 30.9% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Germany | 1,108,876 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France | 1,105,000 | 28.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Germany | 1,104,019 | 16.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Other EU (16) | 1,003,378 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Germany | 983,534 | 14.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands | 981,402 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain | 962,919 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain | 795,608 | 15.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 788,449 | 11.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 697,036 | 10.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | Other EU (16) | 669,291 | — | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (24) | Netherlands | 655,876 | 12.9% | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 564,611 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Other EU (16) | 562,861 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 562,000 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 539,027 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 524,659 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins (24) | Germany | 518,512 | 7.6% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 481,989 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy | 418,983 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | France | 416,000 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 410,327 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Other EU (16) | 392,391 | 100.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 350,480 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 327,019 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France | 273,000 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 255,869 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 238,000 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 237,303 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Germany | 235,206 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Italy | 224,127 | 4.5% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 214,581 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 207,660 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 199,528 | 3.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 181,855 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Other EU (16) | 166,900 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 156,364 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 135,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Netherlands | 107,328 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Italy | 87,430 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 58,902 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Spain | 55,555 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Inferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
- Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Destinations: FI.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2025-12, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Method
Month: 2025-12 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.