Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, all 27 EU member states reported importing 39,153 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were Norway (16%), the United States (12%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 1% came from other EU member states, with 4% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Norway6.09 Mt (15%)United States4.55 Mt (12%)Kazakhstan4.54 Mt (12%)Libya3.18 Mt (8%)Iraq2.83 Mt (7%)Nigeria2.33 Mt (6%)Saudi Arabia2.25 Mt (6%)Azerbaijan2.00 Mt (5%)Other origins (27)9.71 Mt (25%)Origin not reported1.68 Mt (4%)Germany7.14 Mt (19%)Spain5.69 Mt (15%)Netherlands4.88 Mt (13%)France4.21 Mt (11%)Italy4.08 Mt (11%)Other EU (16)13.15 Mt (32%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Colour = importing country:
- Germany
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- Italy
- Other EU (16)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Other EU (16) | 3,151,989 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 7 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (27) | Other EU (16) | 2,641,704 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (27) | Spain | 2,462,127 | 43.2% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (27) | Germany | 1,802,986 | 25.3% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Other EU (16) | 1,704,754 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other EU (16) | 1,638,898 | — | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (27) | Netherlands | 1,164,833 | 23.9% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Iraq | Other EU (16) | 1,132,280 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (27) | France | 1,132,000 | 26.9% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,100,189 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy | 1,068,321 | 26.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,031,887 | 21.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 950,747 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain | 949,326 | 16.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands | 920,057 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Other EU (16) | 899,893 | — | Summed by usSum of 7 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Germany | 870,250 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Germany | 865,310 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy | 771,619 | 18.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 722,588 | 14.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Other EU (16) | 719,269 | 100.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 679,170 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 666,851 | 9.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Libya | Other EU (16) | 665,436 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Nigeria | France | 643,000 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | France | 636,000 | 15.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | France | 619,000 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 606,157 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Other EU (16) | 550,462 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Iraq | Spain | 509,689 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (27) | Italy | 503,163 | 12.3% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | France | 491,000 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 478,413 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 383,384 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 378,721 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 330,560 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 317,822 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 308,355 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 285,670 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 278,731 | 5.7% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 269,349 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 246,000 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 232,388 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 227,056 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Italy | 212,218 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 196,871 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | France | 181,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Spain | 145,742 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 141,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 102,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 82,614 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Other EU (16) | 44,100 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Italy | 21,540 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | France | 19,000 | 0.5% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Inferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
- Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Destinations: FI.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2025-10, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Method
Month: 2025-10 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.