Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, all 27 EU member states reported importing 39,850 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were the United States (16%), Norway (14%) and Iraq (8%), and less than 1% came from other EU member states, with 4% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
United States6.47 Mt (16%)Norway5.49 Mt (14%)Iraq3.32 Mt (8%)Kazakhstan2.88 Mt (7%)Saudi Arabia2.86 Mt (7%)Other origins (31)17.28 Mt (43%)Origin not reported1.55 Mt (4%)Italy5.96 Mt (15%)Germany5.83 Mt (15%)Spain5.09 Mt (13%)Netherlands4.36 Mt (11%)France4.16 Mt (10%)Belgium2.41 Mt (6%)Greece2.25 Mt (6%)Poland2.07 Mt (5%)Other EU (13)7.72 Mt (19%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other origins (31) | Spain | 3,562,284 | 70.0% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (31) | Other EU (13) | 3,252,930 | — | Summed by usSum of 10 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (31) | Italy | 3,084,661 | 51.8% | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (31) | Germany | 2,757,048 | 47.3% | Summed by usSum of 7 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Other EU (13) | 1,830,886 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (31) | France | 1,691,000 | 40.6% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (31) | Netherlands | 1,546,546 | 35.5% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,407,452 | 32.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy | 1,074,038 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Poland | 1,070,000 | 51.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Greece | 1,057,542 | 47.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany | 1,039,100 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (31) | Belgium | 940,900 | 39.0% | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Spain | 891,210 | 17.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands | 849,777 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Other EU (13) | 837,974 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 810,000 | 39.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | France | 798,000 | 19.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 738,069 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Other EU (13) | 660,153 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Other EU (13) | 652,256 | — | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 516,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 515,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium | 512,500 | 21.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 507,648 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 505,456 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium | 497,400 | 20.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 478,859 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Italy | 448,494 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 441,700 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 427,105 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 395,808 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Other EU (13) | 390,900 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 369,063 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (31) | Greece | 344,230 | 15.3% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 339,244 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany | 335,175 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | France | 256,000 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 252,000 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Belgium | 190,400 | 7.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 181,400 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 162,668 | 3.7% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Norway | Greece | 147,617 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 139,930 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Greece | 134,932 | 6.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Origin not reported | France | 132,000 | 3.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Iraq | Other EU (13) | 97,363 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (31) | Poland | 97,000 | 4.7% | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 91,811 | 1.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United States | Poland | 90,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 88,700 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 85,557 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 69,823 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Spain | 55,666 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceOfficialMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Official
Provenance
OfficialOfficial- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Official
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2023-09, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Month: 2023-09 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.