Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, all 27 EU member states reported importing 37,865 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were Norway (14%), Kazakhstan (13%) and the United States (12%), and less than 1% came from other EU member states, with 3% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Norway5.40 Mt (13%)Kazakhstan4.89 Mt (13%)United States4.64 Mt (12%)Libya3.58 Mt (10%)Nigeria2.35 Mt (6%)Saudi Arabia2.21 Mt (6%)Brazil2.06 Mt (6%)United Kingdom2.03 Mt (5%)Other origins (25)9.39 Mt (25%)Origin not reported1.30 Mt (4%)Germany6.09 Mt (16%)Spain5.31 Mt (14%)Netherlands4.44 Mt (12%)Italy4.23 Mt (11%)France3.75 Mt (10%)Other EU (16)14.05 Mt (36%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Colour = importing country:
- Germany
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Italy
- France
- Other EU (16)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Other EU (16) | 3,327,762 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 7 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (25) | Other EU (16) | 3,223,062 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (25) | Spain | 2,542,734 | 47.9% | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Other EU (16) | 1,624,564 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other EU (16) | 1,556,151 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (25) | Italy | 1,294,855 | 30.6% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Other EU (16) | 1,166,154 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,116,670 | 26.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany | 1,084,446 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany | 1,072,307 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (25) | France | 819,000 | 21.8% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United Kingdom | Other EU (16) | 807,915 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 806,090 | 18.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 800,332 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (25) | Netherlands | 780,848 | 17.6% | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | France | 775,000 | 20.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 771,835 | 18.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | France | 760,000 | 20.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Other EU (16) | 756,746 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (25) | Germany | 731,595 | 12.0% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Brazil | Spain | 713,095 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Germany | 711,619 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Other EU (16) | 672,899 | — | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 664,120 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands | 640,177 | 14.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain | 589,208 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 582,913 | 9.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 580,049 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 556,781 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France | 513,000 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Other EU (16) | 498,825 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Libya | Spain | 489,774 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 489,000 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Other EU (16) | 418,338 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 395,172 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy | 394,006 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Germany | 381,493 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 366,179 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 358,126 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Italy | 280,938 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Italy | 279,770 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 258,724 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 221,913 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 220,628 | 5.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Norway | France | 182,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 166,770 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | France | 127,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Netherlands | 103,400 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 89,092 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 84,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Germany | 18,160 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Inferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
- Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Destinations: FI.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2025-03, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Method
Month: 2025-03 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.