Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, all 27 EU member states reported importing 39,074 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were Norway (14%), Kazakhstan (13%) and the United States (12%), and less than 1% came from other EU member states, with 4% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Month
Norway5.40 Mt (13%)Kazakhstan4.93 Mt (13%)United States4.78 Mt (12%)Libya4.07 Mt (11%)Nigeria2.35 Mt (6%)Saudi Arabia2.28 Mt (6%)Iraq2.03 Mt (5%)Azerbaijan1.88 Mt (5%)United Kingdom1.78 Mt (5%)Algeria1.64 Mt (4%)Brazil1.56 Mt (4%)Canada1.31 Mt (3%)Russia865 kt (2%)Mexico751 kt (2%)Guyana442 kt (1%)Angola375 kt (<1%)Egypt237 kt (<1%)Côte d’Ivoire140 kt (<1%)Other origins outside the EU531 kt (1%)Other EU member states177 kt (<1%)Origin not reported1.56 Mt (4%)Germany6.95 Mt (18%)Italy4.91 Mt (13%)Spain4.79 Mt (12%)Netherlands4.09 Mt (11%)France3.71 Mt (10%)Belgium2.71 Mt (7%)Poland2.11 Mt (5%)Sweden1.53 Mt (4%)Greece1.32 Mt (3%)Portugal889 kt (2%)Lithuania771 kt (2%)Austria745 kt (2%)Finland711 kt (est. 2%)Romania696 kt (2%)Czechia658 kt (2%)Hungary564 kt (1%)Bulgaria489 kt (1%)Slovakia485 kt (1%)Denmark470 kt (1%)Ireland257 kt (<1%)Croatia214 kt (<1%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Norway5.40 Mt (13%)
- Kazakhstan4.93 Mt (13%)
- United States4.78 Mt (12%)
- Libya4.07 Mt (11%)
- Nigeria2.35 Mt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia2.28 Mt (6%)
- Iraq2.03 Mt (5%)
- Azerbaijan1.88 Mt (5%)
- United Kingdom1.78 Mt (5%)
- Algeria1.64 Mt (4%)
- Brazil1.56 Mt (4%)
- Canada1.31 Mt (3%)
- Russia865 kt (2%)
- Mexico751 kt (2%)
- Guyana442 kt (1%)
- Angola375 kt (<1%)
- Egypt237 kt (<1%)
- Côte d’Ivoire140 kt (<1%)
- Other origins outside the EU531 kt (1%)
- Other EU member states177 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported1.56 Mt (4%)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy | 1,222,377 | 24.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Germany | 1,177,024 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,080,258 | 22.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,062,574 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany | 941,110 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 916,839 | 18.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands | 915,331 | 22.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany | 893,930 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Spain | 814,862 | 17.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Sweden | 779,948 | 50.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | France | 768,000 | 20.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands | 741,620 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Poland | 727,270 | 34.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 723,376 | 34.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 666,000 | 17.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 663,491 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium | 635,600 | 23.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Mexico | Spain | 565,642 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Greece | 549,342 | 41.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Finland | 525,808 | 73.9% | Estimatedestimated from published euro value: €239,753,592 published for 2025-05, at €456 per tonne (price other EU countries paid for this supplier's crude that month). Tonnes = published customs value (EUR) / unit value (EUR per tonne); the unit value is what other EU countries paid for the same supplier's crude that month (else in the neighbouring months, else for all suppliers). Used only where the official figure is not published. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 521,432 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain | 513,232 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 512,563 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France | 507,000 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 504,408 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 502,427 | 7.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 492,548 | 12.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Bulgaria | 489,156 | 100.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 467,461 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium | 460,600 | 17.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Canada | Spain | 441,070 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Italy | 440,205 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Hungary | 440,000 | 78.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 439,500 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Russia | Slovakia | 424,761 | 87.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 421,000 | 60.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 410,878 | 31.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Lithuania | 389,300 | 50.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | France | 357,000 | 9.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Germany | 355,254 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 345,223 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 339,789 | 45.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 339,626 | 8.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Norway | France | 338,000 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Denmark | 329,000 | 70.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Canada | Netherlands | 323,334 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Canada | Germany | 319,974 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 310,019 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 309,000 | 47.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 308,042 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Spain | 280,501 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Portugal | 276,027 | 31.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 271,518 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy | 269,295 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Portugal | 266,632 | 30.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 259,091 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 255,147 | 28.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 254,459 | 16.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | France | 247,000 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Belgium | 241,900 | 8.9% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Guyana | Spain | 231,953 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Sweden | 224,926 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 205,900 | 26.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 202,812 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 197,061 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 192,000 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 175,900 | 22.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Belgium | 169,200 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland | 167,826 | 65.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 166,441 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 159,518 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Greece | 158,902 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Czechia | 150,000 | 22.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 149,600 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 146,482 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 142,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Denmark | 141,000 | 30.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Canada | Belgium | 140,300 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Guyana | Sweden | 139,570 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 137,318 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | Spain | 137,179 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 134,264 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Poland | 133,265 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Germany | 132,138 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | France | 131,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Mexico | Italy | 129,765 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | France | 129,000 | 3.5% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Brazil | France | 127,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Poland | 125,912 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Poland | 124,641 | 5.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 123,351 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 113,000 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 112,000 | 17.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | Belgium | 107,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy | 105,004 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 97,000 | 17.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Italy | 96,464 | 2.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| United States | Finland | 95,721 | 13.5% | Estimatedestimated from published euro value: €44,355,774 published for 2025-05, at €463 per tonne (price other EU countries paid for this supplier's crude that month). Tonnes = published customs value (EUR) / unit value (EUR per tonne); the unit value is what other EU countries paid for the same supplier's crude that month (else in the neighbouring months, else for all suppliers). Used only where the official figure is not published. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 91,219 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Portugal | 90,964 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 89,900 | 42.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Finland | 89,517 | 12.6% | Estimatedestimated from published euro value: €39,741,665 published for 2025-05, at €444 per tonne (price other EU countries paid for this supplier's crude that month). Tonnes = published customs value (EUR) / unit value (EUR per tonne); the unit value is what other EU countries paid for the same supplier's crude that month (else in the neighbouring months, else for all suppliers). Used only where the official figure is not published. |
| Algeria | Ireland | 89,396 | 34.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Austria | 88,989 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 87,000 | 13.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Canada | Italy | 85,871 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 84,231 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 83,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Romania | 82,000 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 81,363 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Romania | 80,000 | 11.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Croatia | 79,600 | 37.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Italy | 74,688 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Germany | 71,248 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Belgium | 69,800 | 2.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Germany | 68,552 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Austria | 68,466 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Greece | 60,392 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Guyana | Belgium | 56,900 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Mexico | Belgium | 55,900 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Côte d’Ivoire | France | 55,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 44,200 | 20.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Spain | 40,017 | 0.8% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Origin not reported | France | 39,000 | 1.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 37,271 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 29,200 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Hungary | 27,000 | 4.8% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 26,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Spain | 25,038 | 0.5% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other origins outside the EU | Germany | 23,725 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Other EU member states | Slovakia | 22,915 | 4.7% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Belgium | 16,200 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Belgium | 15,300 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Guyana | France | 14,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Belgium | 13,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Germany | 12,192 | 0.2% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Brazil | Germany | 8,080 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Inferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
- Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Destinations: FI.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2025-05, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Method
Month: 2025-05 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.