Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, all 27 EU member states reported importing 40,170 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were Norway (15%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and less than 1% came from other EU member states, with 5% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Norway6.12 Mt (14%)United States5.65 Mt (14%)Kazakhstan5.02 Mt (13%)Libya3.55 Mt (9%)Saudi Arabia2.76 Mt (7%)Iraq2.31 Mt (6%)Brazil1.94 Mt (5%)Azerbaijan1.70 Mt (4%)Other origins (30)9.11 Mt (23%)Origin not reported2.01 Mt (5%)Germany6.83 Mt (17%)Spain5.15 Mt (13%)Italy4.70 Mt (12%)France4.28 Mt (11%)Netherlands3.86 Mt (10%)Other EU (16)15.34 Mt (37%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Colour = importing country:
- Germany
- Spain
- Italy
- France
- Netherlands
- Other EU (16)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Other EU (16) | 3,855,552 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 8 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (30) | Spain | 2,783,971 | 54.0% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (30) | Other EU (16) | 2,485,050 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other EU (16) | 1,927,939 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Other EU (16) | 1,872,672 | — | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (30) | Germany | 1,502,489 | 22.0% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Other EU (16) | 1,281,897 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,219,867 | 25.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | France | 1,161,000 | 27.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Germany | 1,079,774 | 15.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Other EU (16) | 1,056,747 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,028,950 | 15.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 988,792 | 21.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Other EU (16) | 970,381 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Netherlands | 949,597 | 24.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany | 922,891 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | France | 918,000 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (30) | Netherlands | 902,405 | 23.4% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Germany | 901,849 | 13.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands | 860,714 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins (30) | Italy | 797,147 | 16.9% | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Spain | 732,859 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 709,961 | 10.4% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Libya | Other EU (16) | 683,100 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Brazil | Other EU (16) | 652,786 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (30) | France | 641,000 | 15.0% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Brazil | Spain | 604,619 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy | 597,623 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Other EU (16) | 554,834 | — | Summed by usSum of 5 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 533,677 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 449,227 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 447,734 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 444,528 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | France | 430,000 | 10.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 402,000 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 355,000 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 298,329 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 298,001 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 290,125 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | France | 278,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 241,250 | 6.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 219,283 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 169,964 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 162,740 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Germany | 95,200 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | France | 90,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 90,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 85,260 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 61,986 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Spain | 55,186 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Italy | 16,700 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Italy | 11,715 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Inferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
- Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Destinations: FI.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2025-09, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Method
Month: 2025-09 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.