Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, all 27 EU member states reported importing 36,803 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were Norway (16%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 1% came from other EU member states, with 3% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Norway5.84 Mt (15%)United States5.31 Mt (15%)Kazakhstan5.11 Mt (14%)Libya2.80 Mt (8%)Iraq2.73 Mt (8%)Saudi Arabia2.59 Mt (7%)Nigeria1.77 Mt (5%)United Kingdom1.55 Mt (4%)Other origins (26)7.91 Mt (22%)Origin not reported1.20 Mt (3%)Germany6.81 Mt (19%)Spain5.01 Mt (14%)France4.38 Mt (12%)Netherlands4.03 Mt (11%)Italy3.47 Mt (10%)Other EU (16)13.10 Mt (34%)
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Where the oil was produced
- Colour = importing country:
- Germany
- Spain
- France
- Netherlands
- Italy
- Other EU (16)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Other EU (16) | 3,358,542 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 8 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (26) | Spain | 2,636,966 | 52.7% | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (26) | Other EU (16) | 2,597,615 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 10 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other EU (16) | 2,060,601 | — | Summed by usSum of 6 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Other EU (16) | 1,907,078 | — | Summed by usSum of 7 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,256,633 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Other EU (16) | 1,214,191 | — | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,193,572 | 17.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,088,177 | 27.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,068,573 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany | 1,020,866 | 15.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Other EU (16) | 993,146 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Other origins (26) | Italy | 886,333 | 25.6% | Summed by usSum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | France | 852,000 | 19.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy | 801,561 | 23.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 771,562 | 19.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins (26) | France | 771,000 | 17.6% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 669,152 | 9.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United States | Spain | 656,616 | 13.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France | 639,000 | 14.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 632,784 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 544,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 538,560 | 15.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins (26) | Netherlands | 529,390 | 13.1% | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Norway | France | 507,000 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands | 487,049 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | France | 484,000 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other origins (26) | Germany | 483,711 | 7.1% | Summed by usSum of 9 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United States | Italy | 481,455 | 13.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain | 463,548 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Other EU (16) | 381,233 | — | Summed by usSum of 3 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| United Kingdom | Other EU (16) | 377,452 | — | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Sum of 4 reported flows, added up on this page. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 344,158 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 335,782 | 8.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 332,818 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 327,755 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 297,455 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 293,695 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 269,975 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France | 251,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Italy | 250,963 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 246,454 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 174,538 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 160,697 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Other EU (16) | 140,200 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Italy | 137,497 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | France | 121,000 | 2.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | France | 116,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Germany | 114,190 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 100,935 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 98,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Spain | 97,084 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 88,447 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 79,909 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Other EU (16) | 71,175 | — | Summed by usSum of 2 reported flows, added up on this page. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Inferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
- Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Destinations: FI.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2025-11, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Dashed flows are estimated from the published euro value: the reporting country withholds the tonnes, and its official figure for the month is not published. Customs basis (country of consignment), INFERRED - not a published tonnage. Method
Month: 2025-11 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.