Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,168 kt: 58% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (36%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States244 kt (est. 21%)Norway225 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom91 kt (est. 8%)Iraq73 kt (est. 6%)Brazil72 kt (est. 6%)Libya45 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins194 kt (est. 17%)Belgium: crude origin not reported33 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data23 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)679 kt (58%)Netherlands423 kt (36%)Singapore23 kt (2%)Sweden20 kt (2%)Kuwait15 kt (1%)Germany8.8 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.17 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Sweden
- Kuwait
- Germany
- France
- United States244 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway225 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom91 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq73 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil72 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya45 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins194 kt (est. 17%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported33 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data23 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2025)
71.8 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported72 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Belgium (own refineries)38 kt (est. 53%)
- Netherlands34 kt (est. 47%)
- Germanyless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 678,600 | 58.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 423,300 | 36.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 22,700 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Belgium: road diesel supply | 19,800 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 14,500 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 8,800 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 157,310 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 140,125 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 130,011 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 110,947 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 73,352 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 73,088 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 49,344 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 47,290 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,761 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,421 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 38,179 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 33,607 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 32,876 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 32,113 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 30,661 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 25,972 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium (own refineries) | 23,556 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 22,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 19,734 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 14,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 10,187 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 3,182 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,852 | 9.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,716 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,532 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,400 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,371 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,279 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,116 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,051 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,044 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,007 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 890 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 761 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 545 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 140 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 78 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 76 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 38 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 37 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 35 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 34 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 24 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 22 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 10 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 10 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 3 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (32,876 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (25,972 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (22,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (14,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,971 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,605 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.