Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,248 kt: 67% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (28%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (11%) and Nigeria (11%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
United States247 kt (est. 20%)Norway143 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria139 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom102 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan101 kt (est. 8%)Iraq91 kt (est. 7%)Brazil79 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins192 kt (est. 15%)Belgium: crude origin not reported75 kt (6%)Kuwait: no crude data30 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported22 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data20 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)841 kt (67%)Netherlands353 kt (28%)Kuwait30 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia20 kt (2%)Singapore3.4 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.25 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- France
- United States247 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway143 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria139 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom102 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan101 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq91 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil79 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins192 kt (est. 15%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported75 kt (6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data30 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported22 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data20 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2023)
91.3 thousand tonnes
est. 7% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported91 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium (own refineries)53 kt (est. 58%)
- Netherlands38 kt (est. 42%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 840,500 | 67.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 353,400 | 28.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 30,100 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 3,400 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 164,333 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 151,798 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 104,952 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 100,525 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 95,461 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 77,019 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 74,690 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 69,021 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 53,202 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 42,797 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 38,881 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 38,115 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 37,738 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 36,512 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 32,497 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 30,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 28,083 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 23,852 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 22,262 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 3,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 2,163 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 73 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 41 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 24 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 24 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 14 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 13 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 5 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 4 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (74,690 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (30,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (22,262 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,163 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.