Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 338 kt: 53% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (27%), the United States (12%) and Germany (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (22%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway74 kt (est. 22%)United States56 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom23 kt (est. 7%)Brazil18 kt (est. 5%)Guyana12 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria9.2 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins54 kt (est. 16%)United States: no crude data41 kt (12%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported3.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)180 kt (53%)Netherlands92 kt (27%)United States41 kt (12%)Germany25 kt (7%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: jet fuel supply338 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Germany
- France
- Norway74 kt (est. 22%)
- United States56 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom23 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil18 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana12 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria9.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins54 kt (est. 16%)
- United States: no crude data41 kt (12%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported3.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Jet fuel supplied (Jun 2026)
91.9 thousand tonnes
27% of Belgium's jet fuel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States25 kt (est. 27%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 17%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 179,700 | 53.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 91,900 | 27.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 41,400 | 12.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 24,800 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 54,503 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 41,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 31,033 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 25,705 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 24,772 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 24,520 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 17,209 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 15,972 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,735 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,790 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,614 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9,263 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,079 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,284 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,060 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,342 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,688 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5,627 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,906 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,877 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 3,457 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,260 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 2,192 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 2,123 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 619 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 539 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 222 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 30 | 29.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 22 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 20 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 10 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 9 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 4 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (41,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (8,079 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (3,457 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (621 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.