Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,465 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (33%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway270 kt (est. 18%)United States242 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan187 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom103 kt (est. 7%)Iraq94 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria92 kt (est. 6%)Libya61 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins250 kt (est. 17%)Singapore: no crude data61 kt (4%)India: no crude data51 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported17 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)863 kt (59%)Netherlands477 kt (33%)Singapore61 kt (4%)India51 kt (3%)Germany10 kt (<1%)Spain3.4 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.47 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- India
- Germany
- Spain
- France
- Norway270 kt (est. 18%)
- United States242 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan187 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom103 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq94 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria92 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya61 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins250 kt (est. 17%)
- Singapore: no crude data61 kt (4%)
- India: no crude data51 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported17 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2025)
92.0 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported92 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium (own refineries)63 kt (est. 68%)
- Netherlands29 kt (est. 31%)
- Germany0.4 kt (est. <1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 862,600 | 58.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 477,200 | 32.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 60,800 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium: road diesel supply | 50,800 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: road diesel supply | 3,400 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 192,477 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 182,800 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 141,374 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 115,911 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 98,648 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 84,649 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 69,920 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 62,576 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 60,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 55,864 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 53,874 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 52,402 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 50,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 49,815 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,839 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 37,514 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 30,238 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 28,718 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 17,470 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,357 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 6,354 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,128 | 62.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,055 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,643 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,096 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,073 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,051 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,051 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,033 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 431 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 418 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 319 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 269 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 262 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 260 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 149 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 137 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 46 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 35 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 31 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 27 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 21 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 17 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 15 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 14 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 12 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 6 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (60,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (50,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (30,238 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (17,357 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,679 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,053 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.