Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2026, Belgium's jet fuel supply was 348 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (42%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States78 kt (est. 23%)Norway65 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan40 kt (est. 12%)Brazil26 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 6%)Guyana14 kt (est. 4%)Democratic Republic of the Congo9.2 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins66 kt (est. 19%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported13 kt (4%)China: no crude data9.4 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported4.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)190 kt (55%)Netherlands146 kt (42%)China9.4 kt (3%)Germany1.9 kt (<1%)Belgium: jet fuel supply348 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- China
- Germany
- United States78 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway65 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan40 kt (est. 12%)
- Brazil26 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana14 kt (est. 4%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo9.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins66 kt (est. 19%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported13 kt (4%)
- China: no crude data9.4 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported4.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this jet fuel, an estimate (Jul 2026)
64.8 thousand tonnes
est. 19% of Belgium's jet fuel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported65 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium (own refineries)46 kt (est. 70%)
- Netherlands19 kt (est. 29%)
- Germany0.3 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 190,200 | 54.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 146,300 | 42.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 9,400 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: jet fuel supply | 1,900 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 48,839 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 45,672 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 35,183 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 30,300 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 29,045 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 26,803 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 18,873 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,637 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 13,598 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 13,306 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 12,959 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 12,599 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 11,585 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,424 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 9,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,245 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 4,361 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,072 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 527 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 477 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 301 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 291 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 161 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 118 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 23 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-07 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-05 to 2026-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (13,306 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (9,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (4,361 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,072 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.