Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,132 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (29%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (15%) and Nigeria (9%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States260 kt (est. 23%)Norway174 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria107 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan105 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom86 kt (est. 8%)Angola69 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia55 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins175 kt (est. 15%)Belgium: crude origin not reported65 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)United States: no crude data12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)770 kt (68%)Netherlands332 kt (29%)Germany16 kt (1%)United States12 kt (1%)Singapore1.8 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.13 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- United States
- Singapore
- France
- United States260 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway174 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria107 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan105 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom86 kt (est. 8%)
- Angola69 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia55 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins175 kt (est. 15%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported65 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
55.5 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported55 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Belgium (own refineries)35 kt (est. 63%)
- Netherlands21 kt (est. 37%)
- Germany0.1 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 769,800 | 68.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 331,700 | 29.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 16,300 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 12,300 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 1,800 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 161,168 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 119,290 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 111,157 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 95,166 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 80,756 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 77,224 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 65,001 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 62,764 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 60,089 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 57,634 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 51,154 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 34,806 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 28,858 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 27,582 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 22,706 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 20,529 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 19,824 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 12,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 5,790 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,753 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,657 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,445 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,004 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 1,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,191 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,071 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 468 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 355 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 217 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 139 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 62 | 30.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 45 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 32 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 24 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 14 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 7 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 7 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 4 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (65,001 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (19,824 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (12,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,195 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (355 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.