Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,235 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (33%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (16%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway250 kt (est. 20%)United States195 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom141 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 10%)Iraq83 kt (est. 7%)Angola79 kt (est. 6%)Brazil56 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins228 kt (est. 18%)Belgium: crude origin not reported55 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)821 kt (66%)Netherlands406 kt (33%)China6.0 kt (<1%)Singapore2.2 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.24 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- China
- Singapore
- France
- Norway250 kt (est. 20%)
- United States195 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom141 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq83 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola79 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil56 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins228 kt (est. 18%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported55 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2023)
2.2 thousand tonnes
<1% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.2 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 821,400 | 66.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 405,700 | 32.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,200 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 177,394 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 162,269 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 100,164 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 99,856 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 95,233 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 93,735 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 72,685 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 69,539 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 65,510 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 54,938 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 47,614 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 44,167 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 38,947 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 28,635 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 27,218 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 23,939 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 15,246 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 9,465 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 2,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 45 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 17 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 10 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 8 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 6 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 6 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | France | 4 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (54,938 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (15,246 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (546 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.