Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,362 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (35%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (19%) and the United Kingdom (13%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway257 kt (est. 19%)United States253 kt (est. 19%)United Kingdom179 kt (est. 13%)Iraq94 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 7%)Angola73 kt (est. 5%)Brazil61 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins184 kt (est. 13%)United States: no crude data67 kt (5%)Belgium: crude origin not reported55 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data21 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.7 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)775 kt (57%)Netherlands478 kt (35%)United States67 kt (5%)Kuwait21 kt (2%)Germany10 kt (<1%)Finland7.8 kt (<1%)Singapore2.7 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.36 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Kuwait
- Germany
- Finland
- Singapore
- France
- Norway257 kt (est. 19%)
- United States253 kt (est. 19%)
- United Kingdom179 kt (est. 13%)
- Iraq94 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola73 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil61 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins184 kt (est. 13%)
- United States: no crude data67 kt (5%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported55 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data21 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2023)
2.7 thousand tonnes
<1% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.7 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 774,700 | 56.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 478,400 | 35.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 66,900 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 21,400 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 10,300 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 7,800 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,700 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 167,197 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 136,744 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 119,174 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 113,759 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 109,447 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 83,533 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 72,762 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 68,161 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 66,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 60,988 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 55,361 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 54,541 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 49,946 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 43,983 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 31,613 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 29,471 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 21,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 17,525 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,832 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,415 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,863 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Finland | 4,811 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3,785 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,500 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 2,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Germany | 1,823 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,557 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,260 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 1,146 | 14.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 936 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 909 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 615 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 546 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 388 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 291 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 199 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Germany | 108 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 84 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 37 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 21 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 16 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 15 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 12 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 11 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 10 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (66,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (54,541 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (21,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (12,185 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,915 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.