Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,310 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (34%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (15%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States256 kt (est. 20%)Norway190 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan181 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia89 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom86 kt (est. 7%)Iraq71 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria63 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins209 kt (est. 16%)Belgium: crude origin not reported118 kt (9%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported40 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)853 kt (65%)Netherlands449 kt (34%)Germany4.5 kt (<1%)Singapore1.5 kt (<1%)United Kingdom1.3 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.31 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Singapore
- United Kingdom
- France
- United States256 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway190 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan181 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia89 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom86 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq71 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria63 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins209 kt (est. 16%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported118 kt (9%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported40 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jun 2024)
1.5 thousand tonnes
<1% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.5 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 853,200 | 65.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 449,100 | 34.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 4,500 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 1,500 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 164,516 | 19.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 151,314 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 125,964 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 119,308 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 117,790 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 103,868 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 69,972 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 60,028 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 54,083 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 47,922 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 43,493 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 42,381 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 40,209 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 39,968 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 38,090 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 30,586 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 28,729 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 20,856 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 3,224 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 1,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 1,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Germany | 914 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 783 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 779 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 635 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 363 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 357 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 286 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 156 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 117 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 109 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 32 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 19 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 13 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 11 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 8 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 6 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 4 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 3.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (117,790 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (40,209 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,336 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (361 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.