Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,457 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (33%) and the United Arab Emirates (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (15%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway269 kt (est. 18%)United States222 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom147 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 9%)Iraq97 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia81 kt (est. 6%)Angola59 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins267 kt (est. 18%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data92 kt (6%)Belgium: crude origin not reported48 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data21 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)860 kt (59%)Netherlands481 kt (33%)United Arab Emirates92 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (1%)Singapore2.9 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.46 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- France
- Norway269 kt (est. 18%)
- United States222 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom147 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan124 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq97 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia81 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola59 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins267 kt (est. 18%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data92 kt (6%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported48 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data21 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
21.4 thousand tonnes
1% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 860,000 | 59.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 480,700 | 33.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 91,700 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 21,400 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,900 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 201,608 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 179,601 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 113,412 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 108,431 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 93,051 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 91,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 89,838 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 88,290 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 65,310 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 58,864 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 54,859 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 53,180 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 47,881 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 46,245 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,713 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 34,608 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 31,250 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26,997 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 21,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 5,562 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 2,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 37 | 37.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 14 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 11 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 10 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 8 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 8 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 5 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | France | 4 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 2 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (91,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (47,881 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (26,997 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (21,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.