Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,319 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (26%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway254 kt (est. 19%)United States191 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan149 kt (est. 11%)Brazil102 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom88 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria78 kt (est. 6%)Iraq65 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins132 kt (est. 10%)Belgium: crude origin not reported103 kt (8%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data63 kt (5%)Qatar: no crude data34 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)828 kt (63%)Netherlands343 kt (26%)United Arab Emirates63 kt (5%)Qatar34 kt (3%)Germany19 kt (1%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (1%)China7.3 kt (<1%)Finland4.7 kt (<1%)Sweden4.1 kt (<1%)Singapore1.4 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.32 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Qatar
- Germany
- Saudi Arabia
- China
- Finland
- Other (3)
- Norway254 kt (est. 19%)
- United States191 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan149 kt (est. 11%)
- Brazil102 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom88 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria78 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq65 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins132 kt (est. 10%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported103 kt (8%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data63 kt (5%)
- Qatar: no crude data34 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2024)
6.5 thousand tonnes
<1% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Netherlands4.7 kt (72%)
- Belgium (own refineries)1.2 kt (18%)
- Germany0.6 kt (9%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 827,800 | 62.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 343,000 | 26.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 62,700 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Belgium: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 19,200 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 14,800 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: road diesel supply | 7,300 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 4,700 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Belgium: road diesel supply | 4,100 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 1,400 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 184,269 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 115,650 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 106,907 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 102,622 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 99,273 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 71,262 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 70,417 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 62,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 60,874 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 57,475 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 56,334 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 39,642 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 34,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 33,658 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 31,378 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 29,925 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 29,774 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 28,064 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 27,409 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 19,978 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 14,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 7,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,923 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 4,694 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,432 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 3,107 | 66.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Germany | 3,061 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 2,762 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,246 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,613 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 1,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,253 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,208 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,195 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 739 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 657 | 14.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 570 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 463 | 9.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 416 | 10.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 271 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 271 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 262 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 239 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 202 | 4.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Brazil | Germany | 156 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 128 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 26 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 22 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 22 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 12 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 11 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 9 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 9 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (102,622 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (62,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (34,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (28,064 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (14,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,484 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,899 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.