Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,397 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (24%) and the United States (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (16%) and the United Kingdom (7%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
United States274 kt (est. 20%)Norway227 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom103 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan99 kt (est. 7%)Brazil79 kt (est. 6%)Iraq74 kt (est. 5%)Democratic Republic of the Congo53 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins187 kt (est. 13%)United States: no crude data131 kt (9%)Belgium: crude origin not reported77 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data21 kt (1%)Bahrain: no crude data15 kt (1%)North Macedonia: no crude data15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)840 kt (60%)Netherlands341 kt (24%)United States131 kt (9%)Germany22 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (1%)Bahrain15 kt (1%)North Macedonia15 kt (1%)China11 kt (<1%)Singapore1.6 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.40 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Germany
- Saudi Arabia
- Bahrain
- North Macedonia
- China
- Other (2)
- United States274 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway227 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom103 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan99 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil79 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq74 kt (est. 5%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo53 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins187 kt (est. 13%)
- United States: no crude data131 kt (9%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported77 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data21 kt (1%)
- Bahrain: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- North Macedonia: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2024)
7.1 thousand tonnes
<1% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Belgium (own refineries)6.6 kt (92%)
- Germany0.6 kt (8%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 839,500 | 60.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 340,900 | 24.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 131,400 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 21,500 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 20,600 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | Belgium: road diesel supply | 15,300 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| North Macedonia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 14,900 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: road diesel supply | 11,300 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 1,600 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 171,418 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 171,079 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 145,176 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 131,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 99,840 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 76,832 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 69,799 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 65,817 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Belgium (own refineries) | 52,833 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 51,194 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 42,923 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 37,049 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 36,149 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 36,041 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 35,761 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 34,825 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 25,981 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 21,107 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 20,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 15,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| North Macedonia: no crude data | North Macedonia | 14,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 11,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,574 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,764 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,090 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,504 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,867 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 2,020 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,670 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 1,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany | 891 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 565 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 129 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 83 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 53 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 21 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 18 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 16 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 4 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (131,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (76,832 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (21,107 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (20,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (15,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- North Macedonia: no crude data (14,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (12,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,139 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,674 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.