Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2026, Belgium's petrol supply was 422 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (24%) and Spain (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States82 kt (est. 19%)Norway80 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan52 kt (est. 12%)Brazil30 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom24 kt (est. 6%)Guyana20 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins89 kt (est. 21%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (1%)United Kingdom: no crude data5.7 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data5.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)274 kt (65%)Netherlands100 kt (24%)Spain22 kt (5%)France13 kt (3%)United Kingdom5.7 kt (1%)Singapore5.2 kt (1%)Germany1.9 kt (<1%)Belgium: petrol supply422 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- France
- United Kingdom
- Singapore
- Germany
- United States82 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway80 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan52 kt (est. 12%)
- Brazil30 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom24 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana20 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins89 kt (est. 21%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data5.7 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data5.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this petrol, an estimate (Jul 2026)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Belgium's petrol supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Germanyless than 0.1 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: petrol supply | 273,800 | 64.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: petrol supply | 99,800 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: petrol supply | 22,200 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Belgium: petrol supply | 13,300 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,700 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: petrol supply | 5,200 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: petrol supply | 1,900 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 65,747 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 53,818 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 41,811 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 38,584 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 33,316 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 19,631 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 19,574 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 19,488 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 16,678 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,875 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 11,725 | 52.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 10,137 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 9,076 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,840 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 8,594 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,428 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 6,277 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 5,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,846 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,232 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,868 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,577 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,368 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,063 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1,843 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 1,543 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,281 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,182 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,055 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | France | 1,034 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Spain | 652 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 638 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 527 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 436 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 317 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 301 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 291 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 161 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 118 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 41 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 23 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-05 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of petrol in 2026-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-07 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-05 to 2026-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (9,076 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (6,277 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (5,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (5,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,598 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.