Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,497 kt: 49% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (27%), the United States (11%) and the United Arab Emirates (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
United States267 kt (est. 18%)Norway232 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan111 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom89 kt (est. 6%)Brazil86 kt (est. 6%)Iraq72 kt (est. 5%)Democratic Republic of the Congo47 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins174 kt (est. 12%)United States: no crude data172 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data80 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data41 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported32 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data30 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude not from imports24 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)728 kt (49%)Netherlands406 kt (27%)United States172 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates80 kt (5%)Singapore41 kt (3%)Kuwait30 kt (2%)Germany15 kt (1%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (<1%)Sweden9.8 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.50 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- Singapore
- Kuwait
- Germany
- Saudi Arabia
- Other (2)
- United States267 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway232 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan111 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom89 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil86 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq72 kt (est. 5%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo47 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins174 kt (est. 12%)
- United States: no crude data172 kt (11%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data80 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data41 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported32 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data30 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports24 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
14.9 thousand tonnes
<1% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Saudi Arabia15 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 727,700 | 48.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 405,700 | 27.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 172,000 | 11.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 79,900 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 41,100 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 29,900 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 15,300 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 14,900 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Belgium: road diesel supply | 9,800 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 172,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 161,496 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 153,346 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 127,144 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 110,010 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 79,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 72,965 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 62,642 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 53,578 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Belgium (own refineries) | 46,820 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 45,095 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 41,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 40,753 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 40,437 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 36,258 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 35,754 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 35,647 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 32,805 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 31,502 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 29,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 24,393 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 22,755 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 14,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5,235 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,448 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,693 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,453 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,935 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,461 | 14.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,459 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,424 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,328 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 908 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 772 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 520 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 387 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 115 | 38.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 78 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 77 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 32 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 29 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 18 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 11 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 7 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 7 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 5 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (172,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (79,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (41,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (31,502 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (29,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (24,393 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (22,755 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,795 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (530 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.