Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,600 kt: 54% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (23%), Saudi Arabia (8%) and the United Arab Emirates (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Norway (11%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
United States235 kt (est. 15%)Norway179 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan174 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia138 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria67 kt (est. 4%)Iraq56 kt (est. 4%)Brazil52 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins202 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data126 kt (8%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data115 kt (7%)Belgium: crude origin not reported100 kt (6%)India: no crude data93 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported31 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data26 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)864 kt (54%)Netherlands366 kt (23%)Saudi Arabia126 kt (8%)United Arab Emirates115 kt (7%)India93 kt (6%)Singapore26 kt (2%)Germany12 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.60 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- India
- Singapore
- Germany
- France
- United States235 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway179 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan174 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia138 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria67 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq56 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil52 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins202 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data126 kt (8%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data115 kt (7%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported100 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data93 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported31 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data26 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (May 2024)
114.7 thousand tonnes
7% of Belgium's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data115 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 863,700 | 54.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 365,600 | 22.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 125,500 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 114,700 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium: road diesel supply | 92,600 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 26,300 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 11,800 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 159,372 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 137,040 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 126,414 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 125,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 124,122 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 114,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 104,605 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 100,377 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 96,158 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 92,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 52,762 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 51,963 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 45,527 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 39,326 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 33,305 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 32,583 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 31,367 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 30,670 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 26,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,810 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 20,703 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 14,567 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,630 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,981 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,239 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,158 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,704 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 956 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 710 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 445 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 347 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 221 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 39 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 28 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 20 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 15 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 14 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 7 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 6 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 3 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (125,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (114,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (100,377 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (92,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (30,670 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (26,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,851 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (961 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.