Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,262 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (36%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (17%) and the United Kingdom (12%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States250 kt (est. 20%)Norway215 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom156 kt (est. 12%)Iraq105 kt (est. 8%)Brazil82 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria78 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins160 kt (est. 13%)Belgium: crude origin not reported76 kt (6%)Singapore: no crude data43 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)755 kt (60%)Netherlands452 kt (36%)Singapore43 kt (3%)Finland7.2 kt (<1%)Germany5.0 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.26 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Finland
- Germany
- France
- United States250 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway215 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom156 kt (est. 12%)
- Iraq105 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil82 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria78 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins160 kt (est. 13%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported76 kt (6%)
- Singapore: no crude data43 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2023)
156.1 thousand tonnes
est. 12% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported156 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium (own refineries)102 kt (est. 65%)
- Netherlands54 kt (est. 34%)
- Germany0.4 kt (est. <1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 755,100 | 59.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 451,700 | 35.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 43,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 7,200 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 132,822 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 125,511 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 122,753 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 118,111 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 101,660 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 76,622 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 76,431 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 55,305 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 54,018 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 53,698 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 50,597 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 47,562 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 43,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 42,223 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 40,122 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 39,327 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 30,674 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 19,762 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 15,248 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Finland | 4,805 | 66.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 4,354 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,491 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 990 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 918 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 886 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 665 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 611 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 439 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 297 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 289 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland | 221 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 213 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 169 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 162 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 71 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 43 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 42 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 20 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 18 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 16 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 14 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 8 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 5 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (76,431 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (43,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (15,248 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,511 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (177 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.