Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,469 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (27%) and Saudi Arabia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway280 kt (est. 19%)United States222 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan206 kt (est. 14%)Canada89 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom77 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria75 kt (est. 5%)Libya53 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins244 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data80 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data71 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data41 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)874 kt (59%)Netherlands396 kt (27%)Saudi Arabia80 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates71 kt (5%)Singapore41 kt (3%)Germany8.2 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.47 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Singapore
- Germany
- France
- Norway280 kt (est. 19%)
- United States222 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan206 kt (est. 14%)
- Canada89 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom77 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria75 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya53 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins244 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data80 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data71 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data41 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2025)
77.0 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported77 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands45 kt (est. 58%)
- Belgium (own refineries)31 kt (est. 41%)
- Germany0.9 kt (est. 1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 873,700 | 59.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 395,700 | 26.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 80,100 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 70,500 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 41,100 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 8,200 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 203,184 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 175,174 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 144,697 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 142,241 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 80,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 78,259 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 75,250 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 70,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 67,318 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 63,895 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium (own refineries) | 62,837 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 60,181 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 44,818 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium (own refineries) | 42,659 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 41,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 31,325 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 26,097 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 23,744 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 11,124 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 8,910 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,688 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,369 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,352 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,188 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,176 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,008 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 883 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 666 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 299 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany | 258 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 27 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 20 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 16 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 14 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 14 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 6 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (80,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (70,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (41,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (23,744 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,354 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.