Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,309 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (25%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), Kazakhstan (16%) and the United States (13%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway272 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan209 kt (est. 16%)United States174 kt (est. 13%)Brazil82 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom65 kt (est. 5%)Angola63 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria58 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins184 kt (est. 14%)Belgium: crude origin not reported65 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data54 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data27 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data25 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)846 kt (65%)Netherlands333 kt (25%)Kuwait54 kt (4%)Singapore27 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia25 kt (2%)Germany11 kt (<1%)Finland9.4 kt (<1%)Switzerland5.0 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.31 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Singapore
- Saudi Arabia
- Germany
- Finland
- Switzerland
- Other (1)
- Norway272 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan209 kt (est. 16%)
- United States174 kt (est. 13%)
- Brazil82 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom65 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola63 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria58 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins184 kt (est. 14%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported65 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data54 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data27 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data25 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2025)
64.8 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported65 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium (own refineries)37 kt (est. 57%)
- Netherlands27 kt (est. 42%)
- Germany1.0 kt (est. 2%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 846,400 | 64.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 332,800 | 25.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 53,700 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 26,700 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 24,600 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 10,700 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 9,400 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 194,805 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 157,754 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 139,480 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 106,355 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 68,284 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 65,171 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 65,144 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 53,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 52,316 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 49,990 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 49,859 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 40,262 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 38,415 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,637 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 31,885 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 27,122 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 26,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 24,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 20,577 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 19,271 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 10,369 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 7,579 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,502 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,724 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,506 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,422 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,399 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,145 | 12.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 995 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 795 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 676 | 7.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Germany | 486 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 252 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 63 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 58 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 32 | 32.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 23 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 17 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 9 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 7 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 3 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (65,144 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (53,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (26,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (24,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (20,577 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,757 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (796 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.