Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,248 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (28%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway254 kt (est. 20%)United States183 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom92 kt (est. 7%)Iraq69 kt (est. 6%)Brazil67 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria65 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins165 kt (est. 13%)Belgium: crude origin not reported118 kt (9%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data55 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)818 kt (65%)Netherlands354 kt (28%)United Arab Emirates55 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (<1%)United States3.8 kt (<1%)Switzerland2.5 kt (<1%)United Kingdom2.5 kt (<1%)Singapore2.0 kt (<1%)Germany1.2 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.25 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- Singapore
- Other (2)
- Norway254 kt (est. 20%)
- United States183 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan129 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom92 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq69 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil67 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria65 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins165 kt (est. 13%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported118 kt (9%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data55 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
183.1 thousand tonnes
est. 15% of Belgium's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported183 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium (own refineries)102 kt (est. 56%)
- Netherlands81 kt (est. 44%)
- Germany0.2 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 817,600 | 65.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 354,000 | 28.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 54,500 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 10,100 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 3,800 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,500 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,500 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 190,769 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 131,920 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 118,191 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 101,655 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 88,268 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 81,234 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 63,429 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 57,307 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 54,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 50,635 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 43,181 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 40,595 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 35,674 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 34,713 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 33,442 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 32,520 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 29,275 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 24,004 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 14,788 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 10,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 3,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 2,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 2,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 262 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 261 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 200 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 161 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 108 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 79 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 66 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 49 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 48 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 32 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 25 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 25 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 23 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 20 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 16 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 9 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Germany | 7 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 7 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 2 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (118,191 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (54,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,275 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (20,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (75 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (25 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.