Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,254 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (28%) and the United Arab Emirates (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (12%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
United States238 kt (est. 19%)Norway152 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom120 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria97 kt (est. 8%)Iraq93 kt (est. 7%)Brazil78 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan60 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins148 kt (est. 12%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data181 kt (14%)Belgium: crude origin not reported54 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported17 kt (1%)Kuwait: no crude data15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)705 kt (56%)Netherlands351 kt (28%)United Arab Emirates181 kt (14%)Kuwait15 kt (1%)Singapore2.9 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)United States0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.25 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- Singapore
- United States
- France
- United Kingdom
- United States238 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway152 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom120 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria97 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq93 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil78 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan60 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins148 kt (est. 12%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data181 kt (14%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported54 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported17 kt (1%)
- Kuwait: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 704,500 | 56.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 350,700 | 28.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 180,800 | 14.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,900 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 180,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 140,410 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 120,157 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 107,514 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 97,393 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 79,304 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 58,781 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 54,104 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 51,471 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 48,983 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 44,739 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 43,775 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 41,266 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 40,256 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 38,185 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 28,579 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 27,390 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 17,112 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,779 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 2,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 72 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 37 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 22 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 20 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 18 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 15 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 5 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 3 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (180,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (54,104 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (17,112 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.