Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,506 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (26%) and India (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
United States296 kt (est. 20%)Norway189 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan130 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia125 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria96 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom83 kt (est. 6%)Angola52 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins207 kt (est. 14%)India: no crude data105 kt (7%)Belgium: crude origin not reported62 kt (4%)China: no crude data60 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data42 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data35 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)856 kt (57%)Netherlands398 kt (26%)India105 kt (7%)China60 kt (4%)Singapore42 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia35 kt (2%)Germany6.3 kt (<1%)Sweden3.6 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.51 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- India
- China
- Singapore
- Saudi Arabia
- Germany
- Sweden
- Other (1)
- United States296 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway189 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan130 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia125 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria96 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom83 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola52 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins207 kt (est. 14%)
- India: no crude data105 kt (7%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported62 kt (4%)
- China: no crude data60 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data42 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data35 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 856,400 | 56.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 397,800 | 26.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium: road diesel supply | 105,000 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: road diesel supply | 60,100 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 42,100 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 6,300 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Belgium: road diesel supply | 3,600 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 178,456 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 138,286 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 128,790 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 115,748 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 105,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 98,577 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 92,644 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 67,302 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 64,186 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 62,103 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| China: no crude data | China | 60,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 56,585 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 48,713 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium (own refineries) | 44,644 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 42,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 33,166 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 32,109 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 31,560 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 30,397 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 23,655 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 7,277 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 1,954 | 54.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,412 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,205 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,197 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 794 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 631 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 618 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 602 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 534 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 251 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 242 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 126 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 101 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 92 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 81 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 60 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Belgium split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 57 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 41 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 32 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 28 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 12 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 10 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 7 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 7 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 5 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (105,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (62,103 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (60,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (42,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (23,655 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (640 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (93 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.