Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,493 kt: 58% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (23%), Kuwait (9%) and Saudi Arabia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
United States250 kt (est. 17%)Norway173 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia145 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria70 kt (est. 5%)Brazil59 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom52 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins208 kt (est. 14%)Kuwait: no crude data134 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data103 kt (7%)Belgium: crude origin not reported77 kt (5%)United States: no crude data42 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)862 kt (58%)Netherlands342 kt (23%)Kuwait134 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia103 kt (7%)United States42 kt (3%)Germany8.4 kt (<1%)Singapore1.9 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.49 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Germany
- Singapore
- France
- United States250 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway173 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia145 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria70 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil59 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom52 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins208 kt (est. 14%)
- Kuwait: no crude data134 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data103 kt (7%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported77 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data42 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 862,300 | 57.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 341,900 | 22.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 133,800 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 103,200 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 41,500 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 8,400 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 1,900 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 167,725 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 156,410 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 133,800 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 124,138 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 111,241 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium (own refineries) | 110,893 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 103,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 91,774 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 77,206 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 51,344 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 47,587 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 41,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 39,568 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 38,061 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 36,212 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 33,430 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 27,131 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26,223 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 23,872 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 23,006 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 18,379 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 1,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,810 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,558 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,544 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,209 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 827 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 795 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 317 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 202 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 90 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 49 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 31 | 30.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 19 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 16 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 16 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 7 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 4 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (133,800 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (103,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (77,206 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (41,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (26,223 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (829 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (90 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.