Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,328 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (30%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
United States261 kt (est. 20%)Norway191 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan175 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom95 kt (est. 7%)Brazil78 kt (est. 6%)Iraq71 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria66 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins192 kt (est. 14%)Belgium: crude origin not reported108 kt (8%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data28 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data26 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)863 kt (65%)Netherlands402 kt (30%)Saudi Arabia28 kt (2%)Singapore26 kt (2%)Germany5.2 kt (<1%)Spain2.9 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.33 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- Germany
- Spain
- France
- United States261 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway191 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan175 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom95 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil78 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq71 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria66 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins192 kt (est. 14%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported108 kt (8%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data28 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data26 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 863,300 | 65.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 402,100 | 30.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 28,400 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 5,200 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,900 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 167,381 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 160,761 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 129,548 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 125,204 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 108,095 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 91,857 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 64,375 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 49,814 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 44,562 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 44,473 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 43,547 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 39,093 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 38,548 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 38,026 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 32,539 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 29,844 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 28,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 28,370 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 22,045 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 7,317 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,315 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,264 | 43.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,007 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 845 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 630 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 449 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 434 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 389 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 384 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 357 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 311 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 169 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 115 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 98 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 72 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 71 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 64 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 64 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 59 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 39 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 35 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 32 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 23 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 19 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 18 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 17 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 8 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 6 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 5 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 2 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (108,095 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,844 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (28,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,492 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (424 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.