Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,477 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (24%) and India (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (15%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
United States232 kt (est. 16%)Norway224 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 10%)Brazil104 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom83 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria79 kt (est. 5%)Iraq68 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins140 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data117 kt (8%)Belgium: crude origin not reported105 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data60 kt (4%)Qatar: no crude data46 kt (3%)United States: no crude data36 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)841 kt (57%)Netherlands352 kt (24%)India117 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia60 kt (4%)Qatar46 kt (3%)United States36 kt (2%)Finland12 kt (<1%)Germany6.8 kt (<1%)Spain3.7 kt (<1%)Singapore1.6 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.48 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Qatar
- United States
- Finland
- Germany
- Other (3)
- United States232 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway224 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan152 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil104 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom83 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria79 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq68 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins140 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data117 kt (8%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported105 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data60 kt (4%)
- Qatar: no crude data46 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data36 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 841,400 | 57.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 351,800 | 23.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium: road diesel supply | 117,100 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 59,900 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Belgium: road diesel supply | 46,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 35,900 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 12,400 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 6,800 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Belgium: road diesel supply | 3,700 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 1,600 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 153,909 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 152,727 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 117,113 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 117,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 110,079 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 104,546 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 76,739 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 67,314 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 59,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 58,745 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 53,215 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 46,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 45,298 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 37,200 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 36,647 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 36,269 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 35,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 34,204 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 29,785 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 27,785 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 26,112 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 25,515 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 9,728 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,865 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,747 | 47.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 1,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,271 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,018 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 896 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 769 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 717 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 591 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 574 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 527 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 516 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 485 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 470 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 454 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 441 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 229 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 159 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 131 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 74 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 63 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 58 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 41 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Belgium split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 38 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 35 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 32 | 32.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 19 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 11 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 11 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 10 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 8 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (117,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (104,546 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (59,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (46,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (35,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (27,785 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,320 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (972 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.