Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,345 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (24%), the United Arab Emirates (12%) and Kuwait (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (15%), the United States (15%) and the United Kingdom (7%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway202 kt (est. 15%)United States196 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom99 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan97 kt (est. 7%)Iraq75 kt (est. 6%)Brazil51 kt (est. 4%)Democratic Republic of the Congo51 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins172 kt (est. 13%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data163 kt (12%)Kuwait: no crude data102 kt (8%)Belgium: crude origin not reported83 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)743 kt (55%)Netherlands319 kt (24%)United Arab Emirates163 kt (12%)Kuwait102 kt (8%)China10 kt (<1%)Singapore4.2 kt (<1%)United States3.4 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.35 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- China
- Singapore
- United States
- France
- Norway202 kt (est. 15%)
- United States196 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom99 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan97 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq75 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil51 kt (est. 4%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo51 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins172 kt (est. 13%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data163 kt (12%)
- Kuwait: no crude data102 kt (8%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported83 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 743,300 | 55.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 318,800 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Belgium: road diesel supply | 163,300 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 101,900 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 4,200 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium: road diesel supply | 3,400 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 163,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 154,316 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 135,979 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 114,145 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 101,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 83,454 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 81,686 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 72,596 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 66,044 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Belgium (own refineries) | 50,703 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 47,199 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 37,894 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 37,010 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 35,869 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 31,148 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 28,708 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 27,664 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 26,681 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 22,662 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,508 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 4,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 3,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 2,834 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 74 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 51 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 20 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 19 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 17 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 9 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 7 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 2 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (163,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (101,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (83,454 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (27,664 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (17,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,344 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.