Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,328 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (22%) and India (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway258 kt (est. 19%)United States223 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan193 kt (est. 15%)Guyana116 kt (est. 9%)Brazil76 kt (est. 6%)Canada66 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria64 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins156 kt (est. 12%)India: no crude data118 kt (9%)Singapore: no crude data41 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported17 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)863 kt (65%)Netherlands298 kt (22%)India118 kt (9%)Singapore41 kt (3%)Germany7.8 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.33 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- India
- Singapore
- Germany
- France
- Norway258 kt (est. 19%)
- United States223 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan193 kt (est. 15%)
- Guyana116 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil76 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada66 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria64 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins156 kt (est. 12%)
- India: no crude data118 kt (9%)
- Singapore: no crude data41 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported17 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 863,000 | 65.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 298,100 | 22.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Belgium: road diesel supply | 117,700 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 41,100 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 7,800 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 203,155 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 148,561 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 148,294 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 117,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 116,490 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 94,334 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 73,150 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 58,262 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 55,509 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 53,256 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium (own refineries) | 52,068 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 44,590 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 43,306 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 41,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 19,918 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 19,063 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 17,339 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 13,808 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,886 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,237 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,214 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,111 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 753 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 229 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany | 171 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 102 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 96 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 68 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 38 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 26 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 24 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 24 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | France | 6 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 6 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | France | 1 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (117,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (41,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (17,339 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (755 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (100 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.