Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,204 kt: 48% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (43%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (27%), the United States (19%) and Nigeria (8%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway330 kt (est. 27%)United States233 kt (est. 19%)Nigeria91 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom82 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan77 kt (est. 6%)Iraq42 kt (est. 4%)Brazil36 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins173 kt (est. 14%)Kuwait: no crude data44 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported39 kt (3%)Singapore: no crude data30 kt (2%)China: no crude data20 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)573 kt (48%)Netherlands524 kt (43%)Kuwait44 kt (4%)Singapore30 kt (2%)China20 kt (2%)Germany6.0 kt (<1%)United Kingdom5.1 kt (<1%)Malaysia2.1 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.20 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Singapore
- China
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Malaysia
- Other (1)
- Norway330 kt (est. 27%)
- United States233 kt (est. 19%)
- Nigeria91 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom82 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan77 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq42 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil36 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins173 kt (est. 14%)
- Kuwait: no crude data44 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported39 kt (3%)
- Singapore: no crude data30 kt (2%)
- China: no crude data20 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 573,100 | 47.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 523,700 | 43.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Belgium: road diesel supply | 44,100 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Belgium: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: road diesel supply | 5,100 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 2,100 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 213,192 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 118,102 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 115,709 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 113,424 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 91,478 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 79,319 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 55,246 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 48,411 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 44,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 40,062 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 39,163 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 36,527 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 35,250 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 33,069 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 26,589 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 24,629 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium (own refineries) | 17,441 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 9,187 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 2,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,035 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,087 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 981 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 737 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 654 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 185 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 143 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 94 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 83 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 33 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 24 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 12 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 11 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 7 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 7 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (44,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (39,163 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (143 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.