Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Belgium's road diesel supply was 1,285 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (34%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (29%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway367 kt (est. 29%)United States214 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan146 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom101 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria63 kt (est. 5%)Brazil51 kt (est. 4%)Guyana48 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins197 kt (est. 15%)Singapore: no crude data40 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Belgium (own refineries)773 kt (60%)Netherlands432 kt (34%)Singapore40 kt (3%)Germany12 kt (<1%)United Kingdom8.9 kt (<1%)Finland7.0 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia6.5 kt (<1%)Hong Kong5.1 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium: road diesel supply1.29 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Finland
- Saudi Arabia
- Hong Kong
- Other (1)
- Norway367 kt (est. 29%)
- United States214 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan146 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom101 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria63 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil51 kt (est. 4%)
- Guyana48 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins197 kt (est. 15%)
- Singapore: no crude data40 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (own refineries) | Belgium: road diesel supply | 773,400 | 60.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Belgium: road diesel supply | 431,900 | 33.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Belgium: road diesel supply | 40,300 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Belgium: road diesel supply | 12,200 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium: road diesel supply | 8,900 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Belgium: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium: road diesel supply | 6,500 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hong Kong | Belgium: road diesel supply | 5,100 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium (own refineries) | 276,502 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium (own refineries) | 106,351 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 105,900 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium (own refineries) | 105,538 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium (own refineries) | 102,768 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 87,070 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 82,903 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium (own refineries) | 63,074 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium (own refineries) | 47,091 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium (own refineries) | 46,718 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 41,129 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 40,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 36,889 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 31,412 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 30,391 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium (own refineries) | 19,731 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Belgium split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 16,206 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Belgium split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 8,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 6,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium (own refineries) | 5,628 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Finland | 5,248 | 75.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Hong Kong | 5,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,113 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,386 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,179 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,679 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,250 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 975 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 903 | 12.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland | 576 | 8.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 370 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Finland | 273 | 3.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Belgium split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Germany | 175 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 72 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Belgium split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 30 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 24 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 19 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 10 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 10 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 5 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 2 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Belgium split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Belgium’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (40,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (30,391 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (20,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,629 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (370 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.