Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,551 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (10%), the United States (8%) and Saudi Arabia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Libya (10%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States335 kt (est. 13%)Libya252 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan228 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria172 kt (est. 7%)Norway162 kt (est. 6%)Algeria124 kt (est. 5%)Iraq97 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins310 kt (est. 12%)India: no crude data259 kt (10%)United States: no crude data200 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data193 kt (8%)France: crude not from imports52 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported35 kt (1%)Malaysia: no crude data33 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown32 kt (1%)Other suppliers: no refinery31 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data29 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.4 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.30 Mt (51%)India259 kt (10%)United States200 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia193 kt (8%)Netherlands165 kt (6%)Belgium137 kt (5%)Italy62 kt (2%)Spain55 kt (2%)Germany54 kt (2%)Malaysia33 kt (1%)Other suppliers60 kt (2%)Imports, origin not reported32 kt (1%)France: road diesel supply2.55 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- India
- United States
- Saudi Arabia
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Italy
- Spain
- Other (8)
- United States335 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya252 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan228 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria172 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway162 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria124 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq97 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins310 kt (est. 12%)
- India: no crude data259 kt (10%)
- United States: no crude data200 kt (8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data193 kt (8%)
- France: crude not from imports52 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported35 kt (1%)
- Malaysia: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown32 kt (1%)
- Other suppliers: no refinery31 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data29 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2025)
124.4 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of France's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported124 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- France (own refineries)116 kt (est. 93%)
- Spain4.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Germany1.7 kt (est. 1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,301,000 | 51.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 259,000 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 200,000 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 193,000 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 165,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 137,000 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: road diesel supply | 62,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 60,000 | 2.4% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 55,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 54,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 32,000 | 1.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 259,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 258,777 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 219,184 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 200,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 193,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 165,100 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 157,077 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 153,713 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 116,191 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 90,442 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 72,587 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 51,626 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 47,323 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 44,206 | 32.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 36,935 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 32,866 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 32,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other suppliers: no refinery | Other suppliers | 31,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 29,000 | 400.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 28,024 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 27,615 | 50.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 23,064 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 22,071 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 20,724 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 20,163 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 16,303 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,475 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,694 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 12,212 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,872 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 9,915 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 9,342 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 8,616 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 8,479 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 7,729 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 7,144 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 6,556 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,496 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,842 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,323 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,145 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 4,109 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,872 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,618 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 3,554 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,351 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,206 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,787 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,514 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,511 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,976 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,943 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,922 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 1,681 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 1,456 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,248 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 985 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 674 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 390 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 373 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (259,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (200,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (193,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (51,626 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (34,558 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Malaysia: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (32,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Other suppliers: no refinery (31,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (29,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,403 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (32,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.