Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,686 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (12%), the United States (8%) and Kuwait (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Libya (8%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States369 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan246 kt (est. 9%)Libya226 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria176 kt (est. 7%)Norway145 kt (est. 5%)Algeria140 kt (est. 5%)Iraq132 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins339 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data332 kt (12%)United States: no crude data213 kt (8%)Kuwait: no crude data158 kt (6%)India: no crude data96 kt (4%)Origin not reported: crude unknown44 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported33 kt (1%)Malaysia: no crude data28 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.52 Mt (57%)Saudi Arabia332 kt (12%)United States213 kt (8%)Kuwait158 kt (6%)India96 kt (4%)Italy95 kt (4%)Belgium89 kt (3%)Germany47 kt (2%)Netherlands41 kt (2%)Malaysia28 kt (1%)Spain23 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported44 kt (2%)France: road diesel supply2.69 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Kuwait
- India
- Italy
- Belgium
- Germany
- Other (4)
- United States369 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan246 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya226 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria176 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway145 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria140 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq132 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins339 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data332 kt (12%)
- United States: no crude data213 kt (8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data158 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data96 kt (4%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown44 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported33 kt (1%)
- Malaysia: no crude data28 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2025)
139.7 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of France's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported140 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- France (own refineries)136 kt (est. 97%)
- Spain1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Germany1.2 kt (est. <1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,520,000 | 56.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 332,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 213,000 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 158,000 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 96,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: road diesel supply | 95,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 89,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 47,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 44,000 | 1.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 41,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 333,713 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 332,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 241,528 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 213,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 201,816 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 193,613 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 160,151 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 158,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 136,193 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 117,574 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 110,283 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 96,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 44,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 34,112 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 29,775 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 25,129 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 19,815 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 19,354 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 17,009 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 14,048 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 12,232 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,659 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10,930 | 47.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 10,825 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 10,016 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Germany | 8,368 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,007 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 7,709 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,561 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,489 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,923 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5,595 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,395 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,357 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 5,175 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,249 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,645 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,613 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,408 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,053 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 2,946 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,769 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,712 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,434 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,004 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,412 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,410 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,386 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Germany | 1,153 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 989 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 967 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 870 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 755 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 284 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 223 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 185 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 178 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (332,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (213,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (158,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (96,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (44,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (32,976 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Malaysia: no crude data (28,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,201 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (44,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.