Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, France's road diesel supply was 2,839 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (11%), Spain (8%) and Saudi Arabia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Nigeria (8%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
United States377 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria233 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan224 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia198 kt (est. 7%)Norway194 kt (est. 7%)Iraq173 kt (est. 6%)Libya173 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins581 kt (est. 20%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data208 kt (7%)India: no crude data119 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data105 kt (4%)France: crude origin not reported86 kt (3%)United States: no crude data73 kt (3%)Origin not reported: crude unknown34 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported29 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.56 Mt (55%)Belgium317 kt (11%)Spain220 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia208 kt (7%)India119 kt (4%)Kuwait105 kt (4%)Netherlands99 kt (3%)United States73 kt (3%)Germany52 kt (2%)Italy30 kt (1%)Malaysia22 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported34 kt (1%)France: road diesel supply2.84 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Spain
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Kuwait
- Netherlands
- United States
- Other (4)
- United States377 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria233 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan224 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia198 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway194 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq173 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya173 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins581 kt (est. 20%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data208 kt (7%)
- India: no crude data119 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data105 kt (4%)
- France: crude origin not reported86 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data73 kt (3%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown34 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported29 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2023)
30.0 thousand tonnes
1% of France's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins9.1 kt (est. 30%)
- Libya5.7 kt (est. 19%)
- United States4.4 kt (est. 15%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,560,000 | 54.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 317,000 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 220,000 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 208,000 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 119,000 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 105,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 99,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 73,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 52,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 1.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Italy | France: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 316,495 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 268,856 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 208,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 189,213 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 165,516 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 157,087 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 144,261 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 130,214 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 119,873 | 37.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 119,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 105,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 100,802 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 95,645 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 85,873 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 73,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 68,461 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 38,656 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 36,753 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 34,797 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 34,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 24,367 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23,730 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 23,273 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 21,202 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 17,737 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 16,233 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 15,402 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 15,031 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 12,756 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 12,045 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,064 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 10,778 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10,184 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,117 | 30.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 8,839 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 8,262 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,134 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 6,840 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,552 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 6,059 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,842 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,745 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 5,693 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 5,569 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,372 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,720 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 2,978 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,857 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 2,818 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,604 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,278 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,114 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,892 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,873 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,686 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,636 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,310 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,303 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,061 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 811 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 521 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (208,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (119,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (105,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (85,873 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (73,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (34,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (28,953 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,253 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (34,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.