Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, France's jet fuel supply was 906 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (24%), Oman (11%) and the South Korea (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (9%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 61% cannot be traced.
Country
United States80 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan71 kt (est. 8%)Norway37 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria34 kt (est. 4%)Algeria32 kt (est. 3%)Libya27 kt (est. 3%)Angola17 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins59 kt (est. 6%)United States: no crude data215 kt (24%)Oman: no crude data98 kt (11%)South Korea: no crude data98 kt (11%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data62 kt (7%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (3%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (3%)Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)332 kt (37%)United States215 kt (24%)Oman98 kt (11%)South Korea98 kt (11%)Saudi Arabia62 kt (7%)Egypt30 kt (3%)Libya25 kt (3%)Belgium22 kt (2%)Singapore13 kt (1%)Germany7.0 kt (<1%)Spain4.0 kt (<1%)France: jet fuel supply906 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- United States
- South Korea
- Oman
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Libya
- Belgium
- Other (3)
- United States80 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan71 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway37 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria34 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria32 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya27 kt (est. 3%)
- Angola17 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins59 kt (est. 6%)
- United States: no crude data215 kt (24%)
- Oman: no crude data98 kt (11%)
- South Korea: no crude data98 kt (11%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data62 kt (7%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (3%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (3%)
- Singapore: no crude data13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this jet fuel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
70.6 thousand tonnes
est. 8% of France's jet fuel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported71 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- France (own refineries)66 kt (est. 94%)
- Belgium3.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Germany1.1 kt (est. 2%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 332,000 | 36.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 215,000 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 98,000 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | France: jet fuel supply | 98,000 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 62,000 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | France: jet fuel supply | 30,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | France: jet fuel supply | 25,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: jet fuel supply | 22,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 215,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 98,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 98,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 74,350 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 66,095 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 62,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 47,851 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 32,834 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 31,098 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 29,301 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 25,311 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | France (own refineries) | 16,204 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,082 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,673 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 5,117 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 3,838 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,147 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,002 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,140 | 30.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,814 | 45.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,588 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,103 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,094 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 776 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 649 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 588 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 495 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 453 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 423 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 410 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 374 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 205 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 203 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 197 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 175 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 152 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 144 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 98 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 15 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (215,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (98,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (98,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (62,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (25,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,292 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,263 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.