Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, France's road diesel supply was 2,841 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (9%), Saudi Arabia (8%) and India (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Kazakhstan (10%) and Nigeria (9%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
United States380 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan275 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria265 kt (est. 9%)Norway157 kt (est. 6%)Algeria135 kt (est. 5%)Libya133 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia114 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins465 kt (est. 16%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data221 kt (8%)India: no crude data209 kt (7%)United States: no crude data143 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data110 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data100 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported64 kt (2%)Other suppliers: no crude data39 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data24 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.29 Mt (45%)Spain245 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia221 kt (8%)India209 kt (7%)Belgium188 kt (7%)Netherlands165 kt (6%)United States143 kt (5%)Singapore110 kt (4%)Kuwait100 kt (4%)Italy65 kt (2%)Other suppliers106 kt (4%)Imports, origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)France: road diesel supply2.84 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Spain
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States
- Singapore
- Other (6)
- United States380 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan275 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria265 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway157 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria135 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya133 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia114 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins465 kt (est. 16%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data221 kt (8%)
- India: no crude data209 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data143 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data110 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data100 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported64 kt (2%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data39 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data24 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Apr 2024)
165.0 thousand tonnes
6% of France's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States44 kt (est. 27%)
- Other crude origins41 kt (est. 25%)
- Norway23 kt (est. 14%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,288,000 | 45.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 245,000 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 221,000 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 209,000 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 188,000 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 165,000 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 143,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: road diesel supply | 110,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 106,000 | 3.7% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 100,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: road diesel supply | 65,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 245,758 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 240,432 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 221,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 209,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 208,845 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 203,271 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 143,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 120,278 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 110,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 103,023 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 100,459 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 100,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 93,150 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 52,397 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 50,378 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 44,290 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 42,499 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 40,991 | 24.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 39,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 34,101 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 31,522 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 27,065 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 24,253 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 24,177 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 23,411 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 22,965 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 20,396 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 19,095 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 16,833 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 16,381 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 16,133 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 15,506 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 13,062 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,655 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 12,643 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 11,847 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 11,194 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 10,550 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 9,374 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8,870 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 7,974 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 7,905 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 6,322 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 6,186 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,334 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,859 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 4,837 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 4,818 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 4,232 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,411 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 3,360 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1,622 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,491 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1,035 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Algeria | Italy | 926 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 851 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 572 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 459 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (221,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (209,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (143,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (110,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (100,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (64,026 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (39,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (24,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,318 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (1,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.