Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,440 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (27%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Libya (9%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
United States303 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 9%)Libya216 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria192 kt (est. 8%)Norway131 kt (est. 5%)Algeria117 kt (est. 5%)Iraq73 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins269 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data656 kt (27%)United States: no crude data117 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data34 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown33 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports26 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported17 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.24 Mt (51%)Saudi Arabia656 kt (27%)Netherlands166 kt (7%)United States117 kt (5%)Belgium84 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates34 kt (1%)Italy30 kt (1%)Spain21 kt (<1%)Singapore18 kt (<1%)Germany16 kt (<1%)Other suppliers22 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported33 kt (1%)France: road diesel supply2.44 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- United Arab Emirates
- Italy
- Spain
- Other (5)
- United States303 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan225 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya216 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria192 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway131 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria117 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq73 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins269 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data656 kt (27%)
- United States: no crude data117 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data34 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown33 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports26 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported17 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (May 2025)
166.0 thousand tonnes
7% of France's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins45 kt (est. 27%)
- United States33 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway32 kt (est. 19%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,243,000 | 50.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 656,000 | 26.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 166,000 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 117,000 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 84,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 1.4% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Italy | France: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 0.9% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 656,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 249,317 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 197,056 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 177,536 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 176,177 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 172,347 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 117,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 111,562 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 76,969 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 54,731 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 44,571 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 34,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 32,830 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 31,568 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 25,247 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 23,493 | 28.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 22,485 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 19,535 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 13,912 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 13,675 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,419 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 11,000 | 52.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 9,961 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,786 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,833 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,143 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 4,818 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,724 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,667 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,101 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 3,993 | 57.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,738 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,490 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,129 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 2,779 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,638 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,318 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,295 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,075 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,968 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,772 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,704 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,675 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,584 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 1,563 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,520 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,375 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,299 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,185 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 990 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 980 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 882 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 739 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Italy | 596 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 584 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 582 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 464 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 418 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 200 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (656,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (117,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (34,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (33,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (25,614 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (16,818 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (33,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.