Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, France's petrol supply was 817 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Kazakhstan (17%) and Norway (10%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States184 kt (est. 23%)Kazakhstan139 kt (est. 17%)Norway84 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria66 kt (est. 8%)Algeria61 kt (est. 7%)Libya52 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom37 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins141 kt (est. 17%)Smaller flows: no crude data16 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports9.3 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)602 kt (74%)Netherlands168 kt (21%)Spain17 kt (2%)Japan8.0 kt (<1%)Thailand8.0 kt (<1%)Germany4.0 kt (<1%)Belgium2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported7.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply817 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Japan
- Thailand
- Germany
- Belgium
- Sweden
- Other (1)
- United States184 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan139 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway84 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria66 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria61 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya52 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom37 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins141 kt (est. 17%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports9.3 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this petrol, an estimate (Jun 2026)
65.6 thousand tonnes
est. 8% of France's petrol supply
less than 0.1 kt reported66 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- France (own refineries)60 kt (est. 91%)
- Netherlands4.1 kt (est. 6%)
- Spain1.7 kt (est. 3%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 602,000 | 73.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 168,000 | 20.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 17,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Japan | France: petrol supply | 8,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Thailand | France: petrol supply | 8,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 7,000 | 0.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 4,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | France: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 134,815 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 119,848 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 92,841 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 59,537 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 56,389 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 53,131 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 45,896 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 45,285 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 38,066 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 29,198 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France (own refineries) | 23,307 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,933 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 14,769 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 12,906 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 9,279 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 8,065 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Thailand | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 6,959 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,132 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,481 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 3,229 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,497 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,924 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,742 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,590 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 908 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 869 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 861 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 630 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 625 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 607 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 509 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 479 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 371 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 354 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 286 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 273 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 257 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 178 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 159 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 153 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 127 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 100 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 87 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 71 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 64 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 57 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 56 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 45 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 38 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 19 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (14,769 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude not from imports (9,279 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (7,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,999 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (100 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (7,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.