Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, France's road diesel supply was 2,787 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (12%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Nigeria (7%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
United States437 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria193 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan182 kt (est. 7%)Norway177 kt (est. 6%)Iraq166 kt (est. 6%)Algeria162 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia141 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins602 kt (est. 22%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data136 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data117 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data106 kt (4%)India: no crude data83 kt (3%)Other suppliers: no crude data68 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported59 kt (2%)United States: no crude data57 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports39 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown32 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported27 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.45 Mt (52%)Spain326 kt (12%)Belgium174 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia136 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates117 kt (4%)Kuwait106 kt (4%)Italy96 kt (3%)Netherlands84 kt (3%)India83 kt (3%)United States57 kt (2%)Other suppliers126 kt (5%)Imports, origin not reported32 kt (1%)France: road diesel supply2.79 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Spain
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Other (7)
- United States437 kt (est. 16%)
- Nigeria193 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan182 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway177 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq166 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria162 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia141 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins602 kt (est. 22%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data136 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data117 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data106 kt (4%)
- India: no crude data83 kt (3%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data68 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported59 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data57 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports39 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown32 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported27 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2023)
176.8 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of France's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported177 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- France (own refineries)99 kt (est. 56%)
- Belgium31 kt (est. 17%)
- Other suppliers24 kt (est. 13%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,450,000 | 52.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 326,000 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 174,000 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 136,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 126,000 | 4.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| United Arab Emirates | France: road diesel supply | 117,000 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 106,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | France: road diesel supply | 96,000 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 84,000 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 83,000 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 57,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 32,000 | 1.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 308,464 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 292,428 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 170,596 | 52.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 147,417 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 145,928 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 136,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 132,297 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 119,125 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 117,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 108,014 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 106,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 98,965 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 83,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 68,000 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 59,019 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 58,531 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 57,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 51,987 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 42,077 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 38,830 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 37,097 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 32,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 30,607 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 28,922 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 24,063 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 23,557 | 76.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23,335 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 22,828 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 17,612 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 14,560 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 14,467 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,249 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 14,117 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 12,744 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,447 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10,960 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 10,363 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 10,118 | 35.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,409 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 8,626 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 8,568 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 7,701 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,515 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 5,988 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,704 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,388 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,675 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 3,477 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 3,176 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,995 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,947 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,836 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,697 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 2,090 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 1,848 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1,505 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,102 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1,056 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,041 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,003 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 880 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 863 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 840 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 661 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 633 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (136,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (117,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (106,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (83,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (68,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (58,531 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (57,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (38,830 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (32,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (27,019 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,832 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (32,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.