Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,325 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (13%) and the United States (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Kazakhstan (11%) and Norway (6%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
United States365 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan265 kt (est. 11%)Norway146 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria145 kt (est. 6%)Iraq145 kt (est. 6%)Libya115 kt (est. 5%)Algeria91 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins316 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data295 kt (13%)United States: no crude data217 kt (9%)India: no crude data106 kt (5%)Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (1%)France: crude not from imports31 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown30 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.37 Mt (59%)Saudi Arabia295 kt (13%)United States217 kt (9%)Netherlands110 kt (5%)India106 kt (5%)Germany66 kt (3%)Belgium58 kt (2%)Spain41 kt (2%)Singapore23 kt (<1%)Malaysia10 kt (<1%)Italy1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported30 kt (1%)France: road diesel supply2.33 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Netherlands
- India
- Germany
- Belgium
- Spain
- Other (4)
- United States365 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan265 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway146 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria145 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq145 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya115 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria91 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins316 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data295 kt (13%)
- United States: no crude data217 kt (9%)
- India: no crude data106 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- France: crude not from imports31 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown30 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2025)
145.7 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of France's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported146 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- France (own refineries)101 kt (est. 69%)
- Netherlands23 kt (est. 15%)
- Belgium13 kt (est. 9%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,368,000 | 58.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 295,000 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 217,000 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 110,000 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 106,000 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 66,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 58,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 41,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 1.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Singapore | France: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 320,320 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 295,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 234,880 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 227,200 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 217,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 131,520 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 128,107 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 106,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 100,800 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 99,733 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 87,360 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 30,933 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29,270 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 23,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 22,570 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,541 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 20,139 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 17,778 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,480 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14,069 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13,349 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 11,120 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,810 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 9,288 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 8,772 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 8,628 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,288 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 7,147 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,969 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,801 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 6,741 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,370 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,135 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,905 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,464 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,861 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,996 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,830 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,632 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,586 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,884 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,555 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,317 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 806 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 671 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 630 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 377 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 369 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 341 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 240 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 106 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 90 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 82 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 70 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 36 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 23 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 12 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (295,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (217,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (106,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (30,933 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (30,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,317 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,013 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (30,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.