Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,580 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (12%) and Saudi Arabia (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (9%) and Nigeria (7%), and 35% cannot be traced.
Country
United States416 kt (est. 16%)Norway228 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria188 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan167 kt (est. 6%)Libya145 kt (est. 6%)Iraq103 kt (est. 4%)Algeria97 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins333 kt (est. 13%)United States: no crude data322 kt (12%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data294 kt (11%)Origin not reported: crude unknown76 kt (3%)Other suppliers: no crude data57 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports48 kt (2%)Qatar: no crude data40 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported26 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.35 Mt (52%)United States322 kt (12%)Saudi Arabia294 kt (11%)Belgium100 kt (4%)Netherlands79 kt (3%)Sweden73 kt (3%)Spain71 kt (3%)Italy60 kt (2%)Germany48 kt (2%)Qatar40 kt (2%)Other suppliers68 kt (3%)Imports, origin not reported76 kt (3%)France: road diesel supply2.58 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- United States
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Spain
- Italy
- Other (6)
- United States416 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway228 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria188 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan167 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya145 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq103 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria97 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins333 kt (est. 13%)
- United States: no crude data322 kt (12%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data294 kt (11%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown76 kt (3%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data57 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports48 kt (2%)
- Qatar: no crude data40 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported26 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jan 2025)
71.0 thousand tonnes
3% of France's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 56%)
- United States10 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria6.9 kt (est. 10%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,349,000 | 52.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 322,000 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 294,000 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 100,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 79,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 76,000 | 2.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Sweden | France: road diesel supply | 73,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 71,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 68,000 | 2.6% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Italy | France: road diesel supply | 60,000 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 48,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | France: road diesel supply | 40,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France (own refineries) | 344,997 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 322,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 294,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 196,175 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 171,298 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 142,603 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 131,147 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 112,817 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 91,759 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 80,739 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 76,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 57,000 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 47,789 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 40,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 39,482 | 55.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 38,997 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 33,219 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 29,677 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 22,193 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,422 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 21,073 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 19,689 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 18,409 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 13,989 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 12,838 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,198 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,088 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 10,881 | 14.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 10,406 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,027 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 8,449 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 7,695 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 7,352 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,060 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,941 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,929 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 6,767 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,070 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 5,429 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4,913 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 4,750 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 4,592 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,431 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,329 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,166 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,119 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,003 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,700 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3,218 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 3,147 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,083 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,754 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,753 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 2,451 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 2,434 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2,092 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,085 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 2,059 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 1,928 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,906 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,882 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,630 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,588 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,426 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,358 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,215 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 1,140 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to France split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,028 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 899 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 885 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 660 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 320 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 283 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 170 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (322,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (294,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (76,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (57,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (47,789 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Qatar: no crude data (40,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (29,677 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (26,212 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,251 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (76,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.