Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,462 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Nigeria (7%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
United States313 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan233 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria182 kt (est. 7%)Libya166 kt (est. 7%)Algeria126 kt (est. 5%)Norway109 kt (est. 4%)Iraq100 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins242 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data452 kt (18%)France: crude not from imports125 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data120 kt (5%)United States: no crude data101 kt (4%)Origin not reported: crude unknown65 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data39 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data38 kt (2%)Canada: no crude data35 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.28 Mt (52%)Saudi Arabia452 kt (18%)Kuwait120 kt (5%)United States101 kt (4%)Belgium94 kt (4%)Spain77 kt (3%)Netherlands62 kt (3%)Ireland40 kt (2%)United Arab Emirates39 kt (2%)Canada35 kt (1%)Other suppliers99 kt (4%)Imports, origin not reported65 kt (3%)France: road diesel supply2.46 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kuwait
- United States
- Belgium
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Ireland
- Other (7)
- United States313 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan233 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria182 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya166 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria126 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway109 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq100 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins242 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data452 kt (18%)
- France: crude not from imports125 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data120 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data101 kt (4%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown65 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data39 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data38 kt (2%)
- Canada: no crude data35 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
101.0 thousand tonnes
4% of France's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- United States101 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,278,000 | 51.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 452,000 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 120,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 101,000 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 99,000 | 4.0% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 94,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 77,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 65,000 | 2.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 62,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland | France: road diesel supply | 40,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: road diesel supply | 39,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Canada | France: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 452,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 260,515 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 198,459 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 162,822 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 141,317 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 124,851 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 124,359 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 120,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 108,999 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 101,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 83,930 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 72,748 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 65,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 40,825 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 39,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 38,000 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada: no crude data | Canada | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 26,632 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 19,169 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 18,264 | 45.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to France split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 16,474 | 52.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 15,195 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 14,240 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 13,496 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 12,599 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 11,020 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 10,929 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 10,627 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9,454 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 9,225 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to France split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Ireland | 9,201 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to France split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,728 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 7,520 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 7,081 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,010 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 5,982 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 5,975 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 5,113 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 4,458 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,442 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4,420 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,884 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,878 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3,646 | 11.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,466 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland | 3,310 | 8.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 3,268 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2,897 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,889 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,590 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 2,539 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,872 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 1,679 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,136 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 866 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (452,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (124,851 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (120,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (101,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (65,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (39,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (38,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Canada: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,653 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,092 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (65,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.