Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, France's road diesel supply was 2,615 kt: 49% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (17%), Spain (11%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Kazakhstan (8%) and Nigeria (7%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
United States359 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan215 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria178 kt (est. 7%)Norway156 kt (est. 6%)Algeria144 kt (est. 6%)Libya139 kt (est. 5%)Angola117 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins441 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data437 kt (17%)United States: no crude data95 kt (4%)India: no crude data82 kt (3%)Singapore: no crude data50 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported43 kt (2%)Qatar: no crude data42 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports41 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported40 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.29 Mt (49%)Saudi Arabia437 kt (17%)Spain296 kt (11%)Netherlands141 kt (5%)Belgium126 kt (5%)United States95 kt (4%)India82 kt (3%)Singapore50 kt (2%)Qatar42 kt (2%)Kuwait33 kt (1%)Germany24 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)France: road diesel supply2.62 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- India
- Singapore
- Other (4)
- United States359 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan215 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria178 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway156 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria144 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya139 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola117 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins441 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data437 kt (17%)
- United States: no crude data95 kt (4%)
- India: no crude data82 kt (3%)
- Singapore: no crude data50 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported43 kt (2%)
- Qatar: no crude data42 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports41 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported40 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2024)
43.0 thousand tonnes
2% of France's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- France (own refineries)43 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,287,000 | 49.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 437,000 | 16.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 296,000 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 141,000 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 126,000 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 95,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 82,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: road diesel supply | 50,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | France: road diesel supply | 42,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 24,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 437,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 250,198 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 215,838 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 164,594 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 136,257 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 128,486 | 43.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 126,339 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 118,664 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 101,543 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 95,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | France (own refineries) | 89,145 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 82,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 50,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 49,852 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 49,305 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 42,979 | 3.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 42,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 41,444 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 41,151 | 32.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 32,610 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 28,758 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 24,431 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 22,346 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 21,968 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18,602 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 17,636 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 17,619 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 17,558 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 17,395 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,980 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,624 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 10,955 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 10,112 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 8,211 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,548 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,259 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,759 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,877 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,175 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,387 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,278 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 2,151 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,905 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 964 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 626 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 580 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 476 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 411 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (437,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (95,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (82,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (50,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (42,979 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Qatar: no crude data (42,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (41,444 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (40,135 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,056 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (2,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.