Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, France's road diesel supply was 2,746 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (10%), Saudi Arabia (10%) and Spain (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Nigeria (8%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
United States351 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan237 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria213 kt (est. 8%)Libya165 kt (est. 6%)Norway139 kt (est. 5%)Algeria115 kt (est. 4%)Iraq102 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins376 kt (est. 14%)India: no crude data284 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data272 kt (10%)Oman: no crude data137 kt (5%)United States: no crude data91 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data70 kt (3%)France: crude origin not reported56 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data50 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported33 kt (1%)Other suppliers: no crude data29 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown24 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.29 Mt (47%)India284 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia272 kt (10%)Spain206 kt (8%)Belgium151 kt (5%)Oman137 kt (5%)United States91 kt (3%)Netherlands87 kt (3%)Kuwait70 kt (3%)Singapore50 kt (2%)Other suppliers81 kt (3%)Imports, origin not reported24 kt (<1%)France: road diesel supply2.75 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- Belgium
- Oman
- United States
- Netherlands
- Other (6)
- United States351 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan237 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria213 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya165 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway139 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria115 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq102 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins376 kt (est. 14%)
- India: no crude data284 kt (10%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data272 kt (10%)
- Oman: no crude data137 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data91 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data70 kt (3%)
- France: crude origin not reported56 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data50 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported33 kt (1%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data29 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown24 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
29.0 thousand tonnes
1% of France's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Other suppliers29 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,293,000 | 47.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 284,000 | 10.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 272,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 206,000 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 151,000 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | France: road diesel supply | 137,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 91,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 87,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 81,000 | 2.9% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 70,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: road diesel supply | 50,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 24,000 | 0.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 284,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 272,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 260,270 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 190,660 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 188,573 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 176,910 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 149,655 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 137,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 101,284 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 96,304 | 46.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 91,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 90,603 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 79,431 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 70,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 55,614 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 51,635 | 34.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 50,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 35,671 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 29,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 23,959 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 22,882 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 22,210 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 22,101 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 21,700 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 20,006 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 17,549 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 16,941 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,556 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 12,136 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 11,374 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,834 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 9,377 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 9,085 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 8,640 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 8,405 | 31.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,754 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 7,378 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,298 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 6,777 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 5,715 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 4,475 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,988 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 3,874 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,466 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 3,453 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 2,516 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2,512 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1,865 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 984 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 581 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (284,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (272,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (137,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (91,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (70,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (55,614 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (50,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (33,074 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (29,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (24,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,565 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (24,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.